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Immunology > Cytokines, Complement, and Immune Drugs > Flashcards

Cytokines, Complement, and Immune Drugs Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

What do Th1 cells secrete?

A

IFN-gamma (macrophage activator), Il-2 (T cell growth factor and CD8 T cell activator), Lymphotoxin B

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2
Q

What do Th2 cells secrete?

A

Il-4, Il-5, Il-10, Il-13

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3
Q

What do classically activated macrophages secrete?

A

Il-1, TNF-alpha

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4
Q

CD markers for Tregs

A

CD3, CD4, CD25

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5
Q

What do Tregs secrete?

A

Anti-inflammatory - Il-1/TGF-B

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6
Q

Fever (major)

A

Il-1, TNF

PGE2 mediates fever in hypothalamus

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7
Q

T cell “growth factor”

A

Il-2 (especially T-regs)

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8
Q

Stimulates bone marrow, acts like GM-CSF

A

Il-3 (secreted by T cells)

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9
Q

Stimulates IgE/IgG production

A

Il-4

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10
Q

Stimulates IgA class switching

A

Il-5

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11
Q

Associated with acute phase proteins

A

Il-1, Il-6

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12
Q

Major chemotactic factors for neutrophils

A

Il-8
LTB4
C5A
Bacterial products

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13
Q

CD on macrophages that recognizes LPS

A

CD14 (marker of monocyte-macrophage lineage)

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14
Q

What cleaves pre-kallikrein to kallikrein?

A

Hageman’s factor (12a)

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15
Q

What cleaves HMWK to bradykinin?

A

Kallikrein

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16
Q

Bradykinin

A

Histamine (vasodilation, increased permeability) + pain

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17
Q

What inhibits bradykinin?

A

ACE (ACEi cause increase in bradykinin –> cough, edema)

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18
Q

Prostacyclin (PGI2)

A

Endothelial cells
Vasodilator
Inhibits platelet aggregation

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19
Q

LTC4, D4, E4

A 
Slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis
All contract SM:
1) Vasoconstriction (arteriole)
2) Bronchoconstriction (SM)
3) Increased vascular permeability (pericytes)
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20
Q

How are mast cells activated?

A

1) Trauma
2) C3a, C5a “anaphylotoxins”
3) Cross-linking of surface antigen

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21
Q

Histamine

A

Vasodilation of arterioles
Increased permeability at post-capillary venule
Mediates anaphylaxis

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22
Q

Pain

A

Bradykinin and PGE2 sensitize nerve endings

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23
Q

What mediates P selection release from W-P bodies in endothelium?

A

Histamine

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24
Q

What mediates E-selection on endothelium?

A

TNF-alpha, Il-1

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25
What molecule do selectins bind on leukocytes?
Sialyl Lewis X
26
What upregulates cellular adhesion molecules ICAM and VCAM on endothelium?
TNF, Il-1
27
What upregulates integrins on leukocytes?
C5a, LTB4
28
TCR Complex
TCR, CD3, associated ITAMs on Zeta
29
Endogenous pyrogen
Il-6, also secreted by TH2
30
Induces differentiation of T cells into TH1 cells
IL-12 (INF-gamma)
31
Activates NK Cells
IL-12 (IL-2, IFN-beta, IFN-alpha) | Decreased MHC I expression
32
Mediates septic shock
TNF-alpha
33
Has antiviral and antitumor properties
IFN-gamma
34
Stimulates growth and differentiation of eos
Il-5
35
Promotes B cell growth
Il-4
36
Il-10
Anti-inflammatory Inhibits TH1 Similar to TGF-B
37
Interferons alpha and beta
Inhibit viral protein synthesis in neighboring cells - the neighboring cells will translate proteins when there is the presence of viral RNA (dsDNA)
38
Suppresses TH2 cells
IFN-gamma
39
Increases MHC I and II expression and antigen expression in all cells
IFN-gamma
40
Binds B7 on APCs, B cells, or Macrophages
CD28 on T cell
41
Cell surface proteins of helper T cell
CD4, CD40 ligand
42
C3b
opsonization (macrophages have C3b receptor)
43
C5b-9
cytolysis by MAC - without it, susceptible to neisseria
44
Inhibitors of complement activation
Decay accelerating factor (DAF), inhibits c3 convertase C1 esterase inhibitor Prevent complement activation on self-cells (RBCs)
45
C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency
Hereditary angioedema, ACEi contraindicated
46
C3 deficiency
Recurrent pyogenic sinus and respiratory tract infections | Increased susceptibility to type III hypersensitivity rxns
47
DAF (GPI anchored enzyme) deficiency
PNH, RBC lysis
48
Receptor for EBV on B Cells
CD21
49
B Cell CD markers
CD19, CD20, CD21, CD40
50
Macrophage CD markers
CD14, CD40 | Fc and C3b receptors
51
NK Cells CD marker
CD16 (binds Fc of IgG) CD56 (unique marker for NK) Does NOT expression CD4, 8, 3
52
Il-12
Important in granuloma formation Macrophages present antigen to CD4 T cells that secrete Il-12 and promote conversion to TH1 phenotype that, in turn, secrete IFN-gamma to activate macrophages
53
Cyclosporine - Mechanism
- Binds to cyclophilins inside the cells - Complex blocks differentiation and activation of T cells by inhibition of calcineurin, thus preventing production of Il-2 and its receptor
54
Cyclosporine - Clinical Use
Supresses organ rejection after transplant | Selected autoimmune disorders
55
Cyclosporine - Toxicity
7H's 1=Hirsutism 2=Hyperplasia of gums 3=Harm to kidneys 4=Hypertension 5=Hyperglycemia 6=Hyperlipidemia 7=Hyper hand (tremor)
56
Tacrolimus (FK-506) - Mechanism
Similar to cyclosporine, binds to FK-binding protein, inhbiting calcinuerin and IL-2
57
Tacrolimus (FK-506) - Clinical Use
Potent immunosuppression used in organ transplant recipients
58
Tacrolimus (FK-506) - Toxicity
Similar to cyclosporine - no gum hyperplasia or hirsutism
59
Sirolimus (rapamycin) - Mechanism
Inhibits mTOR, thereby inhibiting T cell proliferation in response to Il-2
60
Sirolimus (rapamycin) - Clinical Use
Immunosupression after kidney transplantation in combo with cyclosporine and corticosteroids; also used with drug-eluting stents
61
Sirolimus (rapamycin) - Toxicity
Hyperlipidemia Thrombocytopenia Leukopenia
62
Azathioprine - mechanism
Antimetabolite precursor of 6-MP that interferes with metabolism and synthesis of nucleic acids - toxic to proliferating lymphocytes
63
Azathioprine - clinical use
Kidney transplant, autoimmune disorders (including glomerulonephritis and hemolytic anemia)
64
Azathioprine - toxicity
Bone marrow suppression | Toxic effects may be increased by allopurinol since metabolite mercaptopurine is metabolized by xanthine oxidase
65
Muromonab-CD3 (OKT3) - mechanism
Monoclonal Ab that binds to CD3 (epsilon chain) on the surface of T cells Blocks cellular interaction with CD3 protein responsible for TCR signal transducion
66
Muromonab-CD3 (OKT3) - clinical use
Immunosuppression for kidney transplantation
67
Muromonab-CD3 (OKT3) - toxicity
cytokine release syndrome, hypersensitivity rxn
68
Aldesleukin (IL-2) - Recombinant cytokine
Renal cell carcinoma, metastatic melanoma
69
Epoetin alka (EPO) - Recombinant cytokine
Anemias (especially renal failure)
70
Filgrastim (G-CSF) - Recombinant cytokine
Recovery of bone marrow
71
Sagramostim (GM-CSF) - Recombinant cytokine
Recovery of bone marrow
72
Alpha-interferon - Recombinant cytokine
Hep B and C, Kaposi's sarcoma, leukemias, malignant melanoma
73
Beta-interferon - Recombinant cytokine
MS
74
Gamma-interferon - Recombinant cytokine
CGD
75
Oprelvekin (IL-11) - Recombinant cytokine
Thrombocytopenia
76
Thrombopoetin - Recombinant cytokine
Thrombocytopenia
77
Digoxin Immune Fab
Target - Target is Digoxin | Clinical use - Antidote for digoxin intoxication
78
Infliximab
Target - TNF-alpha | Clinical use - Crohn's, RA, Psoriatic arthritis, Ankylosing spondylitis
79
Adalimumab
Target - TNF-alpha | Clinical use - Crohn's, RA, Psoriatic arthritis
80
Abciximab
Target - GPIIb/IIIa clinical use - prevent cardiac ischemia in unstable angina and in patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention
81
Trastuzumab (Herceptin)
Target - HER2 | Clinical use - HER2 overexpressed BC
82
Rituximab
Target - CD20 | Use - B cell non-Hodskin's lymphomas
83
Omalizumab
Target - IgE | Use - Last resort treatment of nonsteroid responsive asthma
84
Induces MHC II expression
IFN-gamma

Immunology (4 decks)

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