Cytology

Question 1

Golgi I Multipolar Neurons

Answer 1

-long axon that projects from one subsystem to another (eg brain to SC, SC to foot)

Question 2

Golgi II Multipolar Neurons (Interneurons)

Answer 2

-short axons, make connections in same subsystem

Question 3

Segmental Interneurons (Types)

Answer 3

• project only to same segment of SC
  1. Associative – same side of SC
  2. Commussural – crosses sides

Question 4

Propriospinal Interneurons

Answer 4

-project to other SC segments

Question 5

Tract Cells

Answer 5

• similar to Golgi I neurons but reside only in CNS

- tracts = collection of fibers sending same information

Question 6

Excitatory NT’s (3)

Answer 6

AcH, glutamate, Serotonin

Question 7

Inhibitory NT (1)

Answer 7

GABA

Question 8

Dopamine

Answer 8

can be BOTH excitatory and inhibitory

Question 9

Functions of Intracellular Matrix (3)

Answer 9

• gives cell shape, stiffness
• provides mechanisms for growth, motility
• provides internal network for transport of molecules, organelles

Question 10

Components of Axon (3)

Answer 10

1. actin filaments - structural integrity
2. neurofilament - mechanical integrity
3. microtubules - carry fluids

Question 11

Glia – functions (4)(MouNDS)

Answer 11

1. developmental (scaffold, release GFs)
2. support
3. nurture
4. maintain constant environment

Question 12

Astrocytes - fibrous

Answer 12

supports axons in white matter

Question 13

Astrocytes - protoplasmic

Answer 13

supports axons in gray matter

Question 14

Astrocytes - perivascular

Answer 14

psuedopodial projections onto blood vessel endothelium

Question 15

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 15

produce myelin in CNS

Question 16

Microglia

Answer 16

• derived from mesoderm

- clean up debris in CNS (instead of having large WBC’s)

Question 17

Ependymal cells

Answer 17

• converted neuroepithelial cell

- when stops producing neurons, acts as a limiting membrane to ventricle system & produces CSF

Question 18

Choroid Plexus

Answer 18

area of ventricle where ependymal cells produce CSF

Question 19

Schwann Cell

Answer 19

produces myelin in periphery

Question 20

Satellite glia

Answer 20

• astrocyte-like functions (support)

- supports neurons in periphery (ganglia)

Question 21

Perineural Glia

Answer 21

structure

Question 22

Gliosis

Answer 22

proliferation of astrocytes to form plaques of scars

-reaction to injury

Question 23

Iontotropic receptor

Answer 23

• typical synapse

- gated ion channel

Question 24

Metabotropic receptor

Answer 24

• receptor activates G protein

- G protein subunit activates ion channel directly or indirectly

Question 25

Epineurium - types

Answer 25

1. Epifasicular - surrounds whole nerve 2. Interfasicular - loosely attached to epifasicular, fills in spaces between fasicles, helps disperse compressive forces

Question 26

Perineurium

Answer 26

- type I & II collagen - surrounds fasicles - oriented in oblique, longtitudinal, and circumferential directions - up to 15 layers thick - present in tight junctions, BBB - mechanical strength (primary load bearing portion)

Question 27

Endoneurium

Answer 27

- surrounds individual axons | - type I & II collagen

Question 28

Microcirculation of a nerve

Answer 28

- enter epineurium periodically - divide into arterioles that form anastamosing network in epi/perineurium - vessels in endoneurium become capillaries, travel longitudinally

Question 29

Neurolemma

Answer 29

- Schwann cell plasma membrane - surrounds all peripheral nerves, even unmyelinated - one schwann for many unmyelinated axons, 1:1 for myelinated

Question 30

Myelin sheath in PNS

Answer 30

Schwann cell membrane (neurolemma) wraps around axon to form myelin sheath

Question 31

Myelin sheath in CNS

Answer 31

- no neurolemma sheath, not 1:1 relationship | - oligodendrocytes

Question 32

Ia

Answer 32

- motor: extrafusal ms fibers (Aalpha) | - sensory: primary afferent of ms spindle

Question 33

Ib

Answer 33

-sensory: GTO, touch/pressure receptors

Question 34

II

Answer 34

- motor: both inta/extrafusal ms fibers (Abeta) | - sensory: secondary afferents of muscle spindles, touch/pressure receptors, pacinian corpuscles

Question 35

III

Answer 35

-sensory: small, lightly myelinated fibers - touch/pressure, pain, temp

Question 36

IV

Answer 36

- motor: all post ganglionic fibers | - sensory: P&T

Question 37

SVE

Answer 37

cranial nerves motor to skeletal muscle eg) facial muscles

Question 38

SVA

Answer 38

visceral sensations - taste & smell

Question 39

SSA

Answer 39

somatic sensations - vision, hearing, equilibrium

Question 40

GSA

Answer 40

-conscious sensation (pain, temp, touch, proprioception)

Question 41

GVA

Answer 41

visceral sensation (ischemia, BP)

Question 42

GSE

Answer 42

voluntary motor to skeletal muscles

Question 43

GVE

Answer 43

autonomic motor to smooth/cardiac muscles and glands (PSNS, SNS)