Cytology

Question 1

Brightfield unstained

Answer 1

Little contrast in pigmented cells

Question 2

Brightfield stained

Answer 2

Must preserve, stain offers contrast

Question 3

Phase contrast

Answer 3

Unstained = LIVING CELLS, amplifies density

Question 4

Differential interference “Namarski”

Answer 4

Differences in density, 3D image

Question 5

Fluorescence

Answer 5

Antibodies can tag different molecules of the cell

Question 6

Confocal

Answer 6

Use lasers to section fluorescently stained specimen

Question 7

Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 7

Prokaryotes have no membrane bound nucleus, lack organelles, no lysosomes, usually smaller

Question 8

Parts of a prokaryote

Answer 8

Pills, nucleoid, ribosomes, plasma membrane, cell wall, capsule, flagella

Question 9

Double membrane bound organelles

Answer 9

Nucleus and mitochondria

Question 10

No membrane organelles

Answer 10

Nucleolus, ribosomes, cytoskeleton

Question 11

Features of the plasma membrane

Answer 11

Amphipathic, selective barrier, fluid mosaic

Question 12

Where are tight junctions found?

Answer 12

The apical end of the membrane, and typically in the gut

Question 13

What are desmosomes?

Answer 13

Loose junctions around the cell, typically in between cells, usually found on epithelial cells

Question 14

Gap junctions

Answer 14

Holes connecting neighboring cells to share nutrients

Question 15

How does light microscopy work?

Answer 15

Light come out from the source at the bottom then goes through the condenser lens, specimen, objective lens, bounces off a mirror, through the projector lens then to eye

Question 16

What is the difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin?

Answer 16

Hetero - dense, coiled, not active

Eu - diffuse, open, spread out

Question 17

If a protein needs to be secreted out of a cell after translation, what must happen?

Answer 17

The ribosome must bring the protein to the ER before its done translating

Question 18

T/F. The ER is continuous with the nucleus

Answer 18

True. It’s in direct contact with the nuclear pore

Question 19

What does the ER do?

Answer 19

Detoxification, ion storage, makes new membranes

Question 20

What are some endosomal compartments?

Answer 20

Endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes, recycling compartments

Question 21

What does the cytoskeleton do?

Answer 21

Determines cell shape, locomotion, intravenous are trafficking

Question 22

Microfilaments

Answer 22

Smallest, made of tight and loose junctions

ex: actin and myosin - parallel, planar, polar, anchorage

Question 23

Microtubules

Answer 23

Largest, hollow
Involved in cilia, flagella, militia spindle
Ex - dynein and kinesin are motor proteins

Question 24

What is the arrangement of microtubules in cilia and flagella?

Answer 24

9 fused pairs on the outside of a cylinder with 2 infused in the middle

Question 25

What is the point of intermediate filaments?

Answer 25

To maintain architectural support and stability

Question 26

Role of DNA in protein synthesis

Answer 26

1. The nucleus contains chromosomes 2. Chromosomes contain DNA 3. DNA stores genetic info for proteins 4. Proteins determine cell structure and function

Question 27

Helicase

Answer 27

Breaks daughter strands and unwinds

Question 28

Dna primase

Answer 28

Sets the RNA primer to get ready for base pairing

Question 29

DNA polymerase

Answer 29

Recognizes primer and goes to town to add nucleotides

Question 30

DNa ligase

Answer 30

Fills in Okazaki fragments

Question 31

Can polar molecules pass through membrane easily?

Answer 31

No. Need membrane transport proteins

Question 32

Simple diffusion

Answer 32

No energy needed | Small NP molecules can move easily across membrane based on size, temp, and concentration gradient

Question 33

Carrier mediated transport

Answer 33

Can be limited by carrier specificity, become saturated, or be regulated by hormones or other signals

Question 34

Active transport

Answer 34

Energy needed, against gradient

Question 35

Two types of endocytosis

Answer 35

Phagocytosis - food | Pinocytosis - drink

Question 36

What is a clathrin coated pit?

Answer 36

A vesicle coated with clathrin, can beat formed in receptor mediated endocytosis

Question 37

What happens in G1 phase?

Answer 37

Allows cells to grow in size and make proteins

Question 38

M phase

Answer 38

Mitosis

Question 39

What happens in G0 phase?

Answer 39

Cells are done dividing, like muscle cells and neurons, will last a while then die

Question 40

G2 phase?

Answer 40

Cells prepare for division

Question 41

S phase?

Answer 41

Synthesis, DNA replication

Question 42

Parts of mitosis

Answer 42

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase | Two identical 2n daughter cells

Question 43

Meiosis

Answer 43

Make 4 haploid genetically different daughter cells

Question 44

What is nondisjunction and when does it occur?

Answer 44

When chromosomes do not divide evenly. Can happen in anaphase 1 or 2

Question 45

What is crossover?

Answer 45

The exchange of genetic material of HOMOLOGUS chromosomes during meiosis

Question 46

Necrosis

Answer 46

Cell death by disease

Question 47

Apoptosis

Answer 47

Programmed cell death, desirable, determined, must make room for other cells