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Clin Path > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Procedure for fine needle aspirate

A

1) Dont attach syringe
2) Insert needle, redirect more peripherally
3) Make smear - use enough but not too much presusure

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2
Q

Guage for FNA

A

22-25

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3
Q

Indications for FNA

A

1) Cutaneous mass of unknown origin
2) Enlarge LN
3) Masses on internal organs – use ultrasound

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4
Q

When do you make touch impression smear

A

Before dropping sample in formalin

1) Cut lesion in half
2) Ensure cut surface is free of fluid
3) Touch cut surface to slide (several per slide)

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5
Q

What do you collect fluid samples in

A
  • EDTA
  • Sterilin/red tops
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6
Q

Give six factors that make samples undiagnostic

A
  1. Placing near formalin
  2. Refridgerating smears
  3. Contaminated sample –> needs to be fresh
  4. Poor sampling and smearing techniques
  5. Breakage/leakage
  6. Staining (over, under)
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7
Q

Is this a diagnostic preparation? Describe it

A

No - there is nuclear streaking/debris

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8
Q

Is this a diagnostic preparation? Describe it

A

No - blood contamination

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9
Q

Is this a diagnostic preparation? Describe it

A

No - lack of spread

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10
Q

Is this a diagnostic preparation? Describe it

A

No - free or naked nuclei

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11
Q

Advantages of cytology (3)

A

1) Quick, easy (cheaper and faster than histopath)
2) Minimal risk to patient
3) Important screening tool – form diagnostic and treatment plans

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12
Q

Disadvantages of cytology (6)

A

1) Results depend on quality of sample
2) Diagnosis depends on skill of cytologist
3) Lack of tissue architecture – diagnosis limited to inflammation and neoplasia
4) Unable to grade neoplasm
5) Few diagnostic options for carinomas and sarcomas
6) False pos/False neg

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

What type of lesion is characterized by presence of inflammatory cells

A

Inflammatory lesions

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15
Q

Your sample has non-degenerate neutrophils, some lymphs and macs, but no bacteria. What kind of lesion is this? What are some expamples of its cause

A

Non-purulent (non-septic) inflammation

Causes:

  • Seroma
  • Foreign body
  • Necrosis
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16
Q

Describe degenerate neutrophils

A

Swollen nucleus, karylozyed (blobbed nucleus, rather than multi-segmented)

Cytoplasm stains more pink than purple

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17
Q

Your sample has mainly neutrophils which are noted to be degenerate. You also observe microorganisms. What type of sample is this? What follow up tests can you run

A

Neutrophilic septic inflammation

Caused by infectious microorganisms

Next step

  • Mixed or single bacterial population
  • Special stains (modified ZN, fontana, PAS)
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18
Q

Your sample is found to be neutrophilic septic inflammation, which you suspect is due to fungal infection. Which stains can you use to confirm? *

A

Fontana

Periodic acid schiff (PAS)

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19
Q

Your sample has mixed population of neutrophils and macrophages. What type of sample is this

A

Chronic-Active inflammation

(aka neutrophilic macrophagic inflammation)

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20
Q

Your sample is composed mainly of macrophages and multinucleated giant cells. What is going on?

Study These Flashcards
A

Granulomatous inflammation

21
Q

Your sample has a mixed cel population with neutrophils and eosinophils. What is going on?

Study These Flashcards
A

Eosinophilic inflammation

Due to hypersensitivity (allergic reactions)

22
Q

Neoplasms are characterized by changes in what

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Changes in nucleus
  • Changes in cytoplasm
23
Q

What’s a benign round cell neoplasm called?

Study These Flashcards
A

All round cell neoplasms are malignant

24
Q

What are epithelial cell neoplasms called

Study These Flashcards
A

Benign = oma

Malignant = carcinoma

25
What are spindle cell neoplasms called
Benign = oma Malignant = sarcoma
26
Main features of benign neoplasms (3)
1) _Orderly cell proliferation_ - **monomorphism** - Uniform size/shape of cells - Uniform N:C ratios - Uniform size, shape, number of nuclei 2) _No inflammatory cells_ 3) _No malignant cells_
27
Your lesion is a bloody, non-clotting fluid. You notice an absence of platelets. What is this?
Hematoma
28
What cells are present in hematomas
First, RBCs Then - **erythrophages** (= RBCs in macs) Finally - **hemosiderophages** (= macs with hemosiderin (RBC products))
29
The mass you sampled is hypocellular with few squames and few RBCs. What do you suspect?
Lipoma
30
Which stains can you use for lipomas \*
**Sudan III** **ORO**
31
You see clumps of benign tissue. This is indicative of....
Lipoma
32
Your patient has a firm, painless mass in the submaxillary space. You remove a red-black, viscous fluid with clumps of mucin. What do you suspect?
Sialoceles
33
Your sample has cell debris and squames. You also observe cholesterol crystals. What does this indicate?
Epithelioma/Epidermal cyst
34
Name the benign neoplasms \*
**Hematoma** **Lipoma** **Siacoele** **Epidermal cyst/Epithelioma**
35
Does this show a feature of malignancy?
Yes - anisocytosis (different sized cells)
36
Does this show a feature of malignancy?
Yes - polymorphism
37
Does this show a feature of malignancy?
Yes - cytoplasmic granules (red arrow) and cellular molding (green arrow) *Mast cell tumor!*
38
Does this show features of malignancy
Yes - cytoplasmic vacuoles, reduced N:C ratio, basophilic cytoplasm
39
List cytoplasmic featuers of maligancy (6)
1. Cellular molding - *flattening out due to unregulated growth. Grow into each other* 2. Basophilia -- *blue cytoplasm* 3. Vacules - *TVT* 4. Granules - *MCT* 5. Various nucleus:cytoplasm ratio 6. Pseudopod formation - *lymphoma*
40
Cytoplasmic granulation is often seen in which malignant neoplasms
Mast cell tumors Melanomas
41
Cellular vacuolating is a sign of which tumor
TVT!
42
Pseudopods are common in which tumor
Lymphomas
43
Name nuclear features of malignancy (6)
1. Poikilokaryosis: abnormal nucleus shape, nuclear fragmentation 2. Anisokaryosis: different nucleus size 3. Nuclear modling: nucleus molding into neighboring nucleus, concave appearance 4. Binucleation/Multi-nucleation 5. Prominent nucleolus 6. Mitotic figures
44
What's this
Mitotic figure (nuclear feature of malignancy)
45
Is this a malignant sample?
46
Are these cells malignant
Yes - poikilokaryosis, anisokaryosis, nuclear molding
47
Are these cells malignant
Yes - nuclear molding, multinucleation, chromatin clumping
48
What are two consequences of using excessive pressure when making cytology slides
1. Free/naked nuclei 2. Nuclear streaking/debris

Clin Path (11 decks)

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