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1
Q

What is Intersectionality?

A

The interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination and/or differential advantage.

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2
Q

What is an Immigrant?

A

A person who migrates to another country, often for permanent residence (both documented and undocumented).

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3
Q

What is a Refugee?

A

A person who is outside his/her country of origin due to fear of persecution because of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion; and is unable to return (apply at US Embassy).

Apply at US embassy.

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4
Q

What is an Asylum Seeker?

A

A person who fled to the U.S. from their country due to persecution and must apply for asylum within one year of entering the U.S. (not registered officially as a refugee).

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5
Q

What is the definition of First Generation?

A

Born and raised in the culture of origin (with identity solidified before move), immigrate to a new culture.

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6
Q

What is the definition of 1.5 Generation?

A

Born in the new culture to immigrant parents (e.g., Padma moved when she was very young, falling into this category despite birth location).

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7
Q

What is the definition of 2nd Generation?

A

Born in one culture and raised in another.

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8
Q

What is Acculturation?

A

The process of cultural and psychological change that results from the meeting of 2+ cultures (e.g., language, food, dress, religious ceremonies, belief system, impacting both groups).

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9
Q

What factors impact Acculturation?

*dsfp

A

Demographic factors (education, socioeconomic status, generation), societal factors (discrimination and prejudice, community support), family and personal factors (expectations, self-esteem).

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10
Q

What is Berry’s Integration?

A

When individuals are able to adopt the cultural norms of the dominant or host culture while maintaining aspects of their identity related to their culture of origin.

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11
Q

What is Berry’s Assimilation?

A

When individuals adopt the cultural norms of a dominant or host culture over their original culture (can result in ethnic self-hate).

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12
Q

What is Berry’s Isolation (Separation)?

A

When individuals reject the dominant or host culture in favor of preserving their culture of origin.

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13
Q

What is Berry’s Marginalization?

A

When individuals reject both their culture of origin and the dominant host culture.

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14
Q

What are Push Factors (Padma)?

A

Factors that drive individuals to leave their home country, such as parents’ divorce causing family disruption and instability, cultural/social limitations faced as a single mother in India by her mom, and gender expectations as a woman.

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15
Q

What are Pull Factors (Padma)?

A

Factors that attract individuals to a new country, such as better educational and economic opportunities, new support systems, and autonomy for women.

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16
Q

What are Risk Factors (Padma)?

A

Challenges faced by individuals, such as discrimination against skin color, accent, food from home, struggle adapting to host culture, and separation from family.

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17
Q

What are Resiliency Factors (Padma)?

A

Positive influences that help individuals cope, such as strong maternal bonds, connection to cultural roots, learning English, and building confidence.

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18
Q

What is the Immigrant Paradox?

A

First-generation immigrants exhibit better health, educational, and behavioral outcomes than their native-born counterparts despite obstacles.

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19
Q

What is International Adoption?

A

25% of adoption, higher cost, complex legal requirements.

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20
Q

What is Private Domestic Adoption?

A

Most common, involves newborns placed with families through private agencies or lawyers.

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21
Q

What is Foster Care Adoption?

A

37% of adoptions, less expensive, shorter wait time.

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22
Q

What is Open Adoption?

A

Giving biological and adoptive families some degree of access to each other’s personal information, with the option of some degree of contact.

Higher self-esteem, fewer behavioral issues, better identity formation.

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23
Q

What is Communicative Openness?

A

Acknowledgement and discussion about adoptive issues within both families, and communication through mail, email, phone calls, or visits.

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24
Q

What is Structural Openness?

A

Some degree of identifying information shared between birth and adoptive families.

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25
What is the role of Intentional Cultural Socialization?
Associated with greater self-esteem and positive effect on children’s feelings about their ethnic identity in transracial adoptions.
26
What was the End of Anti-miscegenation Laws?
Loving v Virginia unanimously finds that bans on interracial marriage violate the 14th Amendment (1967).
27
What were the demographic changes following anti-miscegenation laws?
Significant decrease of blacks who would oppose interracial marriages following the '90s, Americans more likely to say it benefits society.
28
What are the trends of Intermarried Couples?
White/Latino are the most common interracial pairings with white/Asian second, more common in urban areas for whites.
29
What factors contribute to Intermarried Satisfaction?
Racial pride, racial and cultural tolerance, living in culturally-diverse areas, supportive communication, and affirmation of family members’ racial heritage.
30
What is Authoritative Parenting?
High demandingness and high warmth/responsiveness.
31
What is Authoritarian Parenting?
High demandingness and low warmth/responsiveness.
32
What is Permissive Indulgent Parenting?
Low demandingness and high warmth/responsiveness.
33
What is Permissive Indifferent Parenting?
Low demandingness and low warmth/responsiveness.
34
What is The Strange Situation?
Examines whether children (12-18 months) seek proximity and care from the mother or how the child acts when a stranger is introduced and the mother is absent.
35
What is Secure Attachment?
Responsive, warm care and organized with stress.
36
What is Ambivalent Attachment?
Unresponsive, inconsistent / organized stress.
37
What is Avoidant Attachment?
Unresponsive, rejecting care / organized stress.
38
What is Disorganized Attachment? | *a
Atypical care / disorganized with stress.
39
What is the most common parenting style in the US?
US Europeans (authoritative with a shift toward permissive-indulgent), Latin American, African American, and Asian Americans (authoritarian).
40
What is Autonomy Granting?
Parents acknowledging their children's opinions, allowing them opportunities to make choices independently, and using democratic methods of discipline.
41
What does Physician Care involve?
Diagnosing illnesses, prescribing medication, performing surgeries, managing chronic conditions, overseeing patient care.
42
What does Psychologist Care involve?
Providing mental health assessments, therapy (e.g., CBT, talk therapy), psychological testing; cannot prescribe medication in most states.
43
What does PA Care involve?
Diagnosing, treating, and prescribing medication under physician supervision; assisting in medical procedures.
44
What does Nurse Care involve?
Delivering patient care, administering medications, monitoring conditions; Nurse Practitioners can diagnose and prescribe in many states.
45
What does Social Worker Care involve?
Providing counseling, crisis intervention, and connecting patients to social services and community resources.
46
What are the treatments for Behavioral Health?
Psychotherapy (discussion-based care), pharmacotherapy (use of medications), or a combination.
47
What is the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008?
Requires private insurance plans to not limit access to mental health services any more than medical/surgical services.
48
What is Deinstitutionalization and its causes?
Caused by new medications, cost-effectiveness, and emphasis on community-based forms of care and patient preferences.
49
What are the pros and cons of Deinstitutionalization?
Pros are greater autonomy and cheaper to treat in outpatient care; cons are increased homelessness and imprisonment for those struggling with mental illness.
50
What are the treatment shifts for Institutionalized Patients?
Counseling, some use of benzodiazepine (prior 1950s), first psychiatric-specific medication and antidepressants (1950s), deinstitutionalization begins (mid-1960s).
51
What are the rates of Treatment Engagement?
Percentage who have done psychotherapy: 18.8% of Asian Americans, 38.8% of African Americans, 48.6% of Latino Americans, 50.2% of Caucasian Americans.
52
What is Public Stigma?
The general public’s discriminatory response to people with mental illnesses.
53
What are the 4 Stages of Public Stigma?
Cues (seeing an applicant walk into therapy), stereotypes (people with mental illnesses are incompetent), prejudices (therefore, they will be an incompetent employee), and discrimination (removed from further consideration for a job).
54
What is Self-Stigma?
The internalization of public stigma regarding mental illness.
55
What are the 4 Stages of Self-Stigma?
Cues (experiences symptoms, seeks therapy), stereotypes (people with mental illnesses are incompetent), prejudices (believes will no longer excel due to issues), and discrimination (does not seek employment).
56
What is the stigma per Cultural Group?
High self-stigma among Asian-Americans (95%) and Latinos (English) (46%-72%).
57
What are the Gender Differences in Stigma?
Men are less likely to seek treatment when experiencing the same levels of distress, with a higher risk for substance abuse and suicide.
58
What is Chrissy Teigan's experience with Stigma?
Faced public backlash on postpartum depression, criticized for being 'too privileged to suffer,' and pressure to appear well.
59
What are the Barriers to Mental Health Treatment? | *pcs
Personal (self-stigma, navigating healthcare system, parental trust of systems), cultural (cultural beliefs of mental health, differences in appearance of mental health, alternative treatments), context/system factors (socioeconomic disparities, language barriers, structural racism).
60
What did Government Reporting on Challenges reveal?
Those who believed personally responsible for their disorders were less likely to consider seeking mental health services.
61
What are the 4 Domains of Cultural Formulation Interview?
Cultural definition of the problem (what), cultural perceptions of cause, context, and support (why), cultural factors affecting self-coping and past help-seeking (aspects), cultural factors affecting current help-seeking (access).
62
What are Styles of Communication in cross-cultural issues?
Direct vs. indirect communication, language proficiency, contact norms, ask about the patient’s preferred language and assess for misunderstandings.
63
What is Trust vs. Mistrust in cross-cultural issues? | *how to address when interacting with patient
Possible mistrust of institutions and clinicians based on community or personal experience; acknowledge and validate any concerns.
64
What are Sexual and Gender Issues in cross-cultural issues?
Evaluate distress related to gender identity, but avoid pathologizing trans identities.
65
What are Family Dynamics in cross-cultural issues?
Assess who plays what role in family and respect family-centered values.
66
What are Traditions, Customs, and Spirituality in cross-cultural issues?
Include mutual understandings of norms, causality, customs in the treatment plan when possible.
67
What is Cultural Humility?
The ability of systems and their members to provide care to patients with diverse values, beliefs, and behaviors.
68
What is Cultural Competence?
Developing a partnership with each client through client-focused interviewing, exploring similarities and differences.
69
What are Programs Addressing Barriers to Care?
Reduced-fee programs, culturally-specific treatment centers, depression screening programs in certain geographic areas.
70
What is Loss (7 core)?
Fear of abandonment, loss of cultural history.
71
What is Grief (7 core)?
Lack of connection with biological family
72
What is Identity (7 core)?
Need to create sense of belonging, lack of information or adoptive parents can lead to lack of cultural identity
73
What is Guilt/Shame (7 core)?
Guilt of being different, deserving of misfortune
74
What is Rejection (7 core)?
Often feels like personal rejection, impact on self-esteem and ability to correctly perceive situations
75
What is Intimacy & Relationships (7 core)?
Fears of more loss can lead to unwillingness to get close
76
What is Control (7 core)?
Not being a part of life-altering decision can lead to child feeling need for control

CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES (3 decks)

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