D. Formulations for analgesics Flashcards

1
Q

What route of administration is used the most ?

A

Oral

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2
Q

Besides oral, what other routes of administration is used for pain management ?

A

Transdermal

Transmucosal

Intravenous

Epidural

Intrathecal

Nasal

Rectal

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3
Q

What are the benefits for intravenous administration ?

A
  • No lag time between administration and action
  • Dose can be titrated
  • More predicable response compared to other routes

-

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4
Q

What is a disadvantages for intravenous administration ?

A
  • Require trained medical staff

- Can be invasive

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5
Q

What are the benefits or transmucosal administration ?

A
  • Absorption through oral mucosa (oral cavity)
  • Oral cavity is rich in blood vessels therefore has a rapid nest of action
  • Absorption is directly into the systemic circulation via the jugular vein. Therefore there is no first pass metabolism
  • Non invasive
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6
Q

What are the disadvantages for transmucosal administration ?

A
  • Limited surface area of 100cm^2. Only small lipophilic drugs absorbed
  • Drug must be potent
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7
Q

What are the advantages of transdermal administration?

A
  • Good patient compliance. Single patch can be applied every few days
  • It can maintain sustained drug plasma profiles over several days in the therapeutic window
  • No dips in dose overnight or dose dumpling
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8
Q

What are the disadvantages of transdermal administration?

A
  • Removal of device causes the plasma levels to fall shortly afterwards
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9
Q

What is transdermal administration ?

A

Drug diffuses from the delivery system (containing a drug reservoir) through the epidermis (main barrier in the stratum corners)and dermis (rich in blood supply

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10
Q

What are the two routes that a drug can go through in the stratum corneum ?

A

Hydrophilic keratinised cell and lipid channels

Lipid channels is the main route which usually small molecular weight lipophilic drugs can cross

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11
Q

What is the difference between the epidermis and the dermis ?

A

Epidermis- main barrier is the stratum corneum, which is a chemical and mechanical barrier

Dermis- Rich in blood supply

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12
Q

What are the two types of transdermal patches ?

A

Matrix or monolith systems (drug suspensions)

Rate limiting membrane

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13
Q

What are the advantages for rectal amninistration?

A
  • used when oral administration is not appropriate
  • Can administer drugs that are affected by the pH of the stomach and enzymic activity in the GI tract
  • Can be used for drugs that cause gastric irritation when taken orally
  • Infants geriatrics and unconscious patients
  • No problem with drug taste
  • For Durga that are candidates for abuse
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14
Q

What are the disadvantages of rectal administration ?

A
  • Drug has to dissolve in rectal. Not much
  • Drug absorption can be reduced by degradation by luminal contents, absorption to luminal contents and defaecation
  • Drug is mainly absorption by passive diffusion
  • Unpredicable, erratic and incomplete absorption
  • Inter and intra-subject variation
  • May be difficult to self administer by arthritic or physically compromised patient
  • Popularity of dosage form varies culturally, may be unacceptable in some cultures
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15
Q

What is intrathecal administration ?

A

Administration of drug in solution by intrathecal catheter to the spinal cord-subarachnoid space

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16
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid ?

A

A fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord

17
Q

True or false? Bulk flow of CSF maybe dominant in determining in determining distribution and pharmacokinetics

A

True

18
Q

When is intrathecal administration used ?

A

Chronic pain management , spinal anaesthesia and chemotherapy