d1 Flashcards
(382 cards)
1
Q
Art
A
Aesthetically pleasing & meaningful arrangement of Elements.
2
Q
Architecture
A
Science of designing & constructing buildings or other structures
3
Q
Decorative Arts
A
Any of the arts pertaining to or referring to the following: painting, sculpture, glass, and glassware, ceramic and pottery, metallurgy and plants.
4
Q
Approaches to Historical Style Analysis
A
1) Practical
2) Historical
3) Aesthetics
5
Q
Factors of Historical Development
A
1) Rational, Technological and Constructional
2) Social and Religious
3) Economic, Cultural and Political
4) Spirit of the Age (Zeitgeist)
6
Q
Paleolithic Age
A
Old Stone Age. Longest phase in human history
7
Q
Mousterian
A
Paleolithic Sub Period : Use of pigments for body ornaments
8
Q
Aurignacian
A
Paleolithic Sub Period: Cave paintings
9
Q
Magdalenian
A
Paleolithic Sub Period: Hunter gatherers; engraving animals on bone
10
Q
Shaman
A
Magical spiritual leader (Trois Freres) or the sorcerer
11
Q
Venus of Willendorf
A
This Old Stone Age statuette exhibits exaggerated female features. 41/2 tall made of limestone.
12
Q
Hall of Running Bulls
A
Cave paintings from Lascaux France; believed to express the power of animals.
13
Q
Mesolithic Age
A
The middle period of the Stone Age, beginnings of settled communities and farming.
14
Q
Mesolithic Pottery
A
Pottery usually molded by hand or coiled.
15
Q
Neolithic Age
A
New Stone Age. Men first developed agriculture.
16
Q
Neolithic Pottery
A
Pottery made by kilning; mostly painted and decorated.
17
Q
Beehive Hut / Tholos
A
False dome created by corbelling
18
Q
Corbelling Technique
A
a technique whereby bricks or stones are placed overlapping each other. This allows for each stone to act as a counterweight for the ones around it.
19
Q
Trullo
A
Conical stone-roofted building. Dry wall rough stone shelter w/ corbelled roof.
20
Q
Megalith
A
A large stone used to construct structure or monument alone or with other stones
21
Q
Menhir
A
A large single upright standing stone.
22
Q
Dolmen
A
Two or more vertical stones that support a table. Used for burial
23
Q
Orthostat
A
Upright slab of a larger structure
24
Q
Chromlech
A
Group of menhir group together to form a circle or semi circle
25
Stone Row
Linear arrangement of upright parallel standing stones
26
Taula
Straight standing stone topped with another forming a "T" shape
27
Trilithon
Two parallel upright stones with a horizontal stone called lintel placed on top.
28
Bronze Age
A period of human culture that used copper & tin, semi-precious stones & advance pottery.
29
Mesopotamian Civilization
Cradle of civilization. Modern day Iraq. Located at the middle of Tigris and Euphrates River
30
Anu
Male god (Bull) in Mesopotamian Civilization
31
Inana
Female God in Mesopotamian Civilization
32
Sumerian
Founders of Mesopotamian Civilization
33
Glyptic Art
Sunken or depressed engraving
34
Cameo
Carving in low relief on a stone. Type of carving created by removing materials.
35
City of Uruk
First major city of Iraq (Mesopotamia)
36
Cuneiform
Earliest systems of writing. "Cunneus" meaning wedge.
37
Tell Asmar Figures
12 human effigy statues. Stand-in figures.
38
Cylinder Seals
Often made of Lapis Lazuli. Used to impress official seals.
39
Standard of Ur
Divided into 3 levels; one side shows peace & the other shows war. Inlaid with mosaic shell, red limestone, & lapis lazuli
40
Ram & Tree
Offering stand from Ur. Made of wood, gold, copper, shell, limestone, & lapis lazuli
41
Ziggurat
Sumerian Temple that has 6-7 storeys. Made of tiered rectangular layers.
42
Akkadian
First Mesopotamian rulers to call themselves king. Semitic speaking Mesopotamian people.
43
Sargon I
First ruler of Akkadian
44
Sargon of Akkad
Bronze head of Akkadian ruler
45
Stele of Naram-Sin
The victory stele. It is an upright stone slab, 6ft height, carved in pink limestone.
46
Neo-Sumerian
Constructed one of the largest ziggurats in Mesopotamia at Ur.
47
Babylonian
Chaldean period. City of Nebuchadnezzar
48
Hammurabi
Babylon's greatest king
49
Code of Hammurabi
Made of black basalt; 300 statues written in Akkadian, 51 cuneiforms columns. Law code that has an allusion to the story of 10 commandments.
50
Neo-Babylonian
Founded by Nebuchadnezzar II. Builds the Ishtar Gate.
51
Tower of Babel
300ft tall ziggurat with a temple at the apex.
52
Ishtar Gate
Main entrance to the city. Made of blue enameled tiles of lapis lazuli with lamassu figures carved in stones.
53
Assyrian
Place of Sargon II. Strong & relatively advanced nation & a primary center of Mesopotamian Civilization & Religion.
54
The royal lion hunt of Ashurbanipal
The supreme masterpieces of Assyrian art.
55
Lamassu
Human headed winged bull, placed in the entrance of the palace of Ishtar.
56
Achaemenid empire / persian empire
Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC, Also largest empire
57
Persepolis
The city of Persians built by Darius I. Also the modern day Iran.
58
Bull Capital
Impost blocks to the structure. Symbolism of fertility, power, & metaphor for the position of the king as head of state.
59
Apadana
Audience hall of Persepolis. Splendid relief on the eastern and northern stairs which consist of the representation of all nations in the empire.
60
Ibex
Type of goat sacred to the goddess.
61
Ancient Egyptian Period
Focus on permanence, stability, eternity, life after death. Gift of Nile river
62
Theocracy
King is god.
63
Heirogliphics
Writing with picture-symbols
64
Imhotep
First recorded architect who was later deified as the god of learning & medicine.
65
Hathor
Goddess of children; depicted as a cow, or as a women with cow's horn
66
Rosetta Stone
a huge stone slab inscribed with hieroglyphics, Greek, and a later form of Egyptian that allowed historians to understand Egyptian writing.
67
Law of Frontality
Face must look straight ahead and each side must be exactly like the other, although the hands and feet are in profile; eyes, shoulders in front view.
68
Canonic Jars
Special containers used to store mummified body organs
69
Frescoes
Wall painting served the "Ka" w/ familiar scenes.
70
Sphinx
Mythical beast with a head of a man & the body of lion representing Kafre.
71
Sarcophagus
Funerary stone case which linen wrapped mummy was placed.
72
Malta as
Funerary temples for commoners. Later developed into step pyramids.
73
Necropolis
City of mastabas
74
Pyramids of Giza
Khufu, Khafre, Menkaure. Originally 480ft
75
Obelisks
Square shaft of stone w/ a pyramidal top called pyramid on, used as monument.
76
Parts of Egyptian temple
1) Pylon
2) *Peristyle
3) Hypostyle Hall
4) Sactuary
77
Types of Egyptian Column
1) Palmi Column
2) Lotus Cluster Column
3) Tent-pole Column
4) Hathor Column
78
Art
An aesthetically pleasing and meaningful arrangement of elements, as words, sounds, colors, shapes, etc.
79
Architecture
The science or profession of designing and constructing buildings or other structures
80
Decorative arts
Arts pertaining to or referring to the following : painting, sculpture, glass, and glassware, ceramic and pottery, metallurgy and plants
81
Practical
Seeks to establish what was built, when, by whom and for whom
82
Historical
The whys and its relationship to the social economic, political, cultural, and religious events
83
Aesthetics
Accounts visual and stylistic differences and to explain how styles change
84
Paleolithic
Before written history, also known as old stone age
85
Mousterian
early stages of the Upper Paleolithic culture in Europe and the Near East known for their use of pigments for bodily ornamentation
86
Aurignacian
early stages of the Upper Paleolithic culture in Europe and the Near East known for their Cave paintings
87
Magdalenian
early stages of the Upper Paleolithic culture in Europe and the Near East known as The last of the hunter-gatherers
88
Venus of willendorf
4 1/2 inch tall made of limestone; stumpy female figure features pendulous breast, an obese middle and belly, and pronounced buttocks
89
Zeitgeist
The spirit of the age. Creation of universality
90
Mesolithic
The middle stone age
91
Sgraffito
Incised carvings
92
Neolithic
The new stone age. Men first developed agriculture and settled in permanent villages (mud bricks ere first used)
93
Monolith or menhir
A large single upright stone that resembles fertility of men
94
Shielings
A hut or collection of hut in Jura Scotland
95
Megalith
A large stone which had been used to construct a structure or monument either alone or with other stones
96
Dolmen
A fee standing chamber, consisting of standing stones covered by a capstone as a lid (used for burials and were covered by mounds)
97
Cromlech
Structures where menhirs are grouped together to form a circle or a semi-circle.
98
Orthostat
An upright slab forming part of a larger structure
99
Stone row
A linear arrangement of upright, parallel standing stones
100
Taula
A straight standing stone, topped with another forming a "T" shaped
101
Cuneiform
A system of writing typified by the use of characters for med by arrangement of small wedge-shaped elements
102
Ziggurat
A 6-7 storey high temple situated at the center of town
103
Eshnunna
Three dimensional statuettes made out of marble. These statues were created to symbolize the eternal devotion of the Sumerians. The statues were meant be in eternal prayer and devotion, filling in for the Sumerians when they had to leave the temple for other responsibilities
104
Stele of naram-sin
Upright stone slab used as a marker. Earliest known monuments to the glory of a conqueror
105
Code of hammurabi
Composed of 300 statues written in Akkadian in S1 cuneiform columns
106
Hanging gardens of babylon
A great palace built by Nebuchadnezzar for his wife, Amytis
107
Tower of babel
biblical literature, structure built in the land of Shinar (Babylonia) sometime after the Deluge 8000 ft tall tower with a temple on the apex
108
Crenellation
A defensive feature wall (arched)
109
Lamasu
A great stone statue of a human- headed winged bull that preceded the palace of Ishtar, palace of Sargon II, city of khorsabad
110
Ishtar gate
Entrance gate to the palace of Sargon ; named after the goddess of love, fertility and war
111
Apadana
Audience hall. Built by Darius I and finished by Xerces. A huge complex with an audience hall that could accommodate 10,000 guests
112
Bull capital
Used as impost blocks ; beginning of lintel system
113
Persopolis
Palace complex. Built on stone platform, and consisted of multicolumn buildings
114
Theocracy
Pharaoh thought to be a god
115
Hieroglyphics
A system of writing with picture symbols. This allowed history to be written
116
Ka
In ancient Egypt, the immortal human life force. (soul)
117
Amon
God of Thebes
118
Anubis
God of mummification and/or embalming; shown with the head of a jackal
119
Aten
The god of the sun-disk; worshipped as the creator god by Akhenaten
120
Bes
protector of pregnant women, newborn babies and the family
121
Hapi
God of the Nile River
122
Hathor
the cow or the lovely lady- She represents dancing, music, joy, and love. She was shown as a cow to represent motherly love.
123
Horus
Egyptian falcon-headed sky god
124
Imhotep
architect of the step pyramid also the god of learning and medicine
125
Isis
Egyptian divine mother; protector of canopic jars and coffins
126
Maat
the Egyptian concept of truth, justice, and cosmic order, represented by a goddess, often portrayed with a feather upon her head
127
Mut
Wife of amon, originally the vulture goddess, later depicted as a woman
128
Osiris
Egyptian god of the underworld and judge of the dead
129
Ptan
god of memphis; patron god of craftsmen
130
Ra
Egyptian god of the sun
131
Seth
God of chaos
132
Sphinx
an Egyptian stone monument usually having the body of a lion and the head of a pharaoh
133
Sarcophagus
Carved, generally stone case in which linen-wrapped mummy was placed
134
Mastabas
Funerary temples for commoners; later developed into step pyramids, on top of each other
135
Necropolis
City of mastabas is also called
136
Pyramids
a massive structure with a rectangular base and four triangular sides, like those that were built in Egypt as burial places for Old Kingdom pharaohs
137
Stepped pyramid
Midway between the earlier mastabas tombs and the perfected forms at Giza
138
Obelisks
Square shaft of stone with a pyramidal top used as a monument. It also used to commemorate historical subjects
139
Pyramidion
The Triangular tip on top of an Obelisk or Pyramid
140
Rock-hewn tombs
Located on cliffs where they cut labyrinth passageway that led to ceremonials and burial chambers which were later replaced by temples
141
Pylon
monumental gateway to an Egyptian temple consisting of a pair of tower structures with slanting walls flanking the entrance portal
142
Peristyle
Row of columns around a building or open court
143
Hypostyle hall
A columned hallway constructed in the post and lintel system of elevation. contains a double row of columns higher than the others
144
Sanctuary
contains a small shrine which was used as receptacle for the small statue of god
145
Papyrus bundle
from the papyrus, the plant symbolizing lower Egypt suggesting the presence of a temple; can have circular or ribbed shafts
146
Lotiform
used in non-secular buildings
147
Palmiform
defined by the lexicographers as of a column or capital resembling a palm tree
148
Campaniform flower
also called as bell-shaped form ; either lotus or papyrus
149
Giza pyramids
The largest and most elaborate Egyptian pyramid for the Pharoah Khufu Cheops of the Fourth Dynasty
150
The great sphinx
A symbol of protection; hewn out of natural limestone with the addition of stone blocks
151
Stepped pyramid of Zoser
the first pyramid ever built to house the "ka" of King Zoser
152
Mortuary temple of Queen Hatshepsut
is a mortuary temple built during the reign of Pharaoh Hatshepsut of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt which composed of three large terraces connected to each other by ramps
153
Great temple of Amun (Karnak)
Has a hypostyle hall with 134 freestanding columns in 16 rows. Built by a sacred lake, primeval waters where life began
154
Great temple of Abu-simbel
a rock-cut temple commisioned by Rameses II to honor his own memory. It has four different statues of himself
155
Aegan period
a period composed of three civilizations that flourished on the aegean sea that lie between western turker and mainland greece
156
cycladic (culture)
bronze age culture found through out the island of cyclades in Aegean sea
157
Minoan (civilization)
bronze age civilization of Crete that flourished from about 3000 BC to 1500 BC ; Named after Minos
158
Minos
a generic term for a ruler or name in particular
159
Mycenean
last phase of bronze age Greece; From the land of the legend of Troy; a civilization found in the mainland settlement of Mycenae
160
Minotaur
bull-headed monster in Greek mythology; born to queen Posiphae of Krete (crete)
161
Mask of Agamemnon
also called as funerary mask. Mycenean funerary gold mask found in the Tomb V in royal circle A at the acropolis of Mycenae
162
Greece
One of the biggest empires after Persia. It was composed of independent city states called polis. Marble was abundant. Structures were technicolor.
163
Phoenicians
Developed a system of writing.
164
Plato
Belief in the Ideal from
165
Golden mean
Balance and moderation in all things.
166
Megaron
known as "Big room" ; a prehistoric throne room
167
Orientalizing age
interaction of Greece and nearest civilization
168
Agora
plaza or court. Meeting place, platform for speaker
169
Stoa
a long colonnaded multi-purpose building; Shopping Center
170
Acropolis
city upon a hill; citadel
171
Greek temple
Greek structure built to house the deity
172
Hypostyle hall
a large space with a flat roof supported by rows of columns; composed of the pronaos, naos
173
Theater
for plays and performances ; consisted of stones wrapped around the orchestra and face the skene (stage building)
174
Auditorium
semi-circular form and hollowed out of a hill
175
Mausoleum
a large tomb usually a large stone building with places of entombment above the ground taking from King Mausolos.
176
Stadium
elongated theaters for foot races
177
Hippodrome
Elongated theater for horse and chariot races
178
Prytaneion
Senate house for elected officials
179
Bouleterion
council house; covered meeting place for elected officials
180
Odeon
Covered smaller theater is called
181
Palestra
Greek gymnasium housing for athletes
182
Pronaos
Front porch with columns of a Greek temple
183
Naos
the sanctuary of a classical temple, containing the cult statue of the god
184
Peripteral Columns
Columns placed around all sides of the temple
185
Orchestra
("dancing place") large circular area; contains a slightly raised stone on which was placed the statues of deities (usually dionysius)
186
Proscenium
acting area placed behind the orchestra
187
Skene
a structure serving as backdrop for the acting area or dressing room
188
Parodos
Means Entrance of a Greek Theatre
189
Exodus
Means exit of a Greek Theatre
190
Acropolis of athens
a fortified citadel and state sanctuary city of the ancient city of Athens
191
Propylaea
monumental entrance to the acropolis
192
Pinacothea
a picture gallery. The name is specifically used for the building containing pictures which formed the left wing of propylaea on the acropolis at athens, greece
193
Temple of Erectheoin
Famous porch of the Caryatids. Dedicated to worship Athena and Poseidon-Erechtheus.
194
Parthenon
chief temple of the greek goddess "Athena" on the hill of the acropolis at Athens, Greece; was built in the 5th mid century b.ce and is generally considered to be culmination of the development of the doric order, temple of Nike Apteros
195
Etruscan period
from etruria (modern tuscany) and the etrusci sea; people in this period have been considered as decadent and blood thirsty people with a predilection for piracy, superstition and magic
196
Symposium
Drinking sessions happen after the talks.
197
Tholos
corbeled, domed tombs simulated the house interiors/ Bee hive tomb meaning round building
198
Dromos
Road way accessing the Tholos
199
portrait sculpture
this sculpture is a non-idealized version of people
200
Relief sculpture
known for its narrative value ; appeared on altars, arches and tombs
201
Sarcophagus
marble or limestone coffin with elaborate carving
202
Bust
sculpture of a person's head, shoulders, and chest. In roman sculpture, it is portrait bust more closely associated with funerary contexts
203
Roman fresco technique
a technique which involves painting directly on plaster wall
204
Buon fresco
(good or true fresco) painting on wet plaster
205
Fresco secco
It is a dry fresco
206
Mosaics
a pattern or picture made of many small colored pieces of stone, glass etc; sometimes in trompe l'oeil technique
207
Roman imperial art
encompassed a variety of style and scale; among the most impressive are those which honor the empire and the emperor
208
Equestrian monument
a statue of a rider on a horse
209
Triumphal arc
architectural monument built to commemorate military triumphs and other significant events such as the accession of a new emperor
210
Column of victory
a monument in the form of a column, erected in memory of a victorious battle, war, or revolution ; the column typically stands on a base and is crowned with a victory symbol, such as a statue
211
Composite
combination of ionic shaft and corinthian capital
212
Tuscan
a simplified version of the roman doric order to which it is similar, but has fewer and bolder moldings, unflutted columns, a plain frieze, and no trglyphs; its only decorative details are moldings
213
Forum
the counterpart of the agora in Roman Architecture, it is composed of temples, triumphal, arches, pillars of victories, roman basilica, senate and shops
214
Kouros
Greek word for "male youth." An Archaic Greek statue of a standing, nude youth.
215
Kore
an archaic Greek statue of a young woman, standing and clothed in long loose robes.
216
Hydria
a water jar with three handles
217
Lekythos
flask storing and pouring oil
218
Krater
a large vessel with two handles, for mixing wine and water
219
Volute krater
a krater where the tops of the handles have a volute or scroll more commonly decorated in the red figure style
220
Amphora
vessel for storing hone, olive, oil, wine and water
221
Kylix
a stemmed cup with two horizontal handles and a stemmed foot, used for drinking
222
Oenochoe
jugs for pouring wine/ "Oeno"
223
Skyphos
a deep bowl/ drinking cup
224
Olpe
used for drinking; considered a type of mug with swung handles that extend above the lip of the pot
225
Alabastron or Alabastrum
is a small type of pottery or glass vessel used in the ancient world for holding oil, especially perfume or massage oil
226
Pelike
a jar used for storing liquids such as oils and wines / similar to amphora
227
Pyxis (pl. pyxides)
a small circular box with a lid, often used for the storage of jewelry and toiletries
228
Rhyton (pl. rhyta)
used in religious practices for the pouring of libations, they may also take the shape of animal heads, especially bulls
229
Doric
The simplest, earliest and most massive capital. The column has no base ; a fluid shaft and plain
symbolic of Masculinity
230
Ionic
a capital lighter than doric. Fluted shaft has a base; volute capital
Symbolic of Female
231
Corinthian
a variant of the ionic capital with its plinth and fluted shaft and its distinctive ornate capital
Symbolic of Maiden
232
Stylobate
the topmost step of the three steps
233
Shaft
the column itself composed of individual sections (drums) and concave grooves (flutes) with a base and capital
234
Capital
the top most structural member of a column
235
Necking
snug band at the top of the shaft
236
Echinus
a flat, curved element, like a plate with rounded sides
237
Abacus
flat square above the echinus
238
Entablature
forms the lintel ; an elaborate horizontal bond and molding above column
239
Architrave
plain horizontal member above a capital
240
Frieze
a band above the architrave consisting of alternating triglyphs and metopes
241
Triglyph
rectangles with vertical incisions carved into their surfaces
242
Metope
slabs of stone either plane or with sculpture in relief
243
Regula
a short band under triglyph
244
Cornice
a projection above the frieze to protect it from the weather
245
Racking cornice
low, slanting cornice above the frieze to protect it from the weather
246
Pediment
a triangular gable usually having a horizontal cornice, with raked cornices on each side, surmounting
247
Entasis
a technique applied on columns which do not taper in a straight lines, but bulge outward about one-third of the way up from the base
248
Fillet
small, flat, plain surface used to separate other moldings
249
Fascia
a wide, straight surface
250
Ovolo
a convex curved surface ; quarter circle ; often with egg and dart motif
251
Cavetto
a concave surface approximately the interior of a curve quarter circle
252
Cyma recta
an s-shaped curved surface that starts and ends horizontally ; usually with honey-suckle motifar
253
Cyma reversa
Starts and ends vertically; usually with a waterleaf motif.
254
Torus
convex surface approximately the exterior of semi-circle; with guilloche
255
Bead
A smaller version of a torus moulding
256
Scotia
a deep, hollow, concave molding found on column base
257
Caryatids
columns with shafts in female form
258
Telamon
a sculptured male human figure used in place of a column to support an entablature; also called atlas.
259
Roman temple
temples that are frontal with stairs that lead up to a podium, and a deep portico filled with columns. They are also usually rectilinear, and interiors consists of atleast on cella that contained a cult statue
260
Podium
high platform upon which temple was raised
261
Cella
a room with no windows that usually housed the cult statue of the deity. equivalent to Naos
262
Domus
roman house of the middle class
263
Insulae
blocks of flats used as a shop and apartment
264
Villa
housed the upper-class romans
265
Roman Theater
has more impressive skene than the greek version. It is usually built on level ground. The orchestra became semi-circular
266
Amphitheater
smaller than the colloseum; it less emphasized decorative external orders so that the arches are the predominant features
267
Circus
long hairpin race course for chariot races; also called hippodrome
268
Aqueducts
large reservoirs or cisterns for lead pipes to transport water to towns
269
Tombs
pyramidal, temple shaped, coemetrian or subterranean vaults, monumental or sculture memorials
270
Basilica
building to house the roman court law court; eventually became a hall of justice and commercial exchange
271
Thermae
palatial public baths of imperial Rome portray the customs of the pleasure-loving populace
272
Triumphal arch
commemorative arch-monument; decorated with reliefs that show moments of victory
273
Column of victory
single. free standing colossal columns used as commemorative monuments
274
Ara pacis
a great marble monument constructed during the reign of Augustus
275
Dome
the diameter of the floor plan is equal to the height of this structure and has an oculus of the center to admit light
276
Oculus
the round central opening of a dome
277
Portico
a structure consisting of a roof supported by columns at regular intervals, typically attached as a porch to a building.
278
Colloseum
(arena) also called Flavian amphitheater , built for roman "games" ; features a combination of roman arch and vault construction. Its ecterior walls are 48 meters high
279
Early Christian period
art pertaining to those produced by the early Christians until the founding of Byzantine
280
Christian symbolism
symbolisms of ancient Christians such as the cross and fish became the initial basis for byzantine art.
281
Atrium
a forecourt surrounded or flanked by porticoes
282
Narthex
a portico before the nave for the penitents
283
Nave
The middle aisle of a church extending from the narthex to the choir
284
Apse
was a semi circular space in front of the nave
285
Bema
raised platform transverse open space separating the nave and the apse
286
Transept
as wide as the nave, forming a square at the crossing, consisting of the choir and the apse (now referred as the altar)
287
Choir
a part of the church occupied by the singers
288
Ambo (Ambulatory)
semicircular walkway with chapels off it surrounding the sanctuary
289
Pulpit
appointed place of preaching
290
Altar
was placed at the center of the apse. a table upon which the Eucharist is celebrated
291
Byzantine period
period in the reign of Constantine I in 324 AD after the death of Marcus Aurelius, he built a new capital for the Roman Empire in Byzantinium. He called it Constatinople (Greek for city of Constantine or Nova Roma in new Rome)
292
Pendentives
an inverted concave triangle that springs from a corner of the square curving up to meet the other pendentives
293
Squinch Arch
corbel type arches piled on top of another, placed diagonally across the internal angles of a tower or base of a drum to convert the square form into an octagonal base to support an octagonal spire or circular dome
294
Minarets
a slender towers added by Muslim invaders
295
Basilica
formerly a hall of justice, was redesigned to be a place of worship
296
Martyrium
sanctuaries that enshrine a relic or tomb of a martyr
297
Mausoleum (byzantine)
type of architecture during the byzantine period where it is a large tomb, almost temple like that houses an elite
298
Baptisteries
place used for the sacrament of baptism
299
Church of San Vitale
A large building with a dome over the central core. Famous for its mosaics. Dedicated to St. Vitalis.
300
Hagia Sophia
(holy wisdom) built as the major cathedral of Constantinople. It is a basilica with a Narthex at the west and an altar framed by an apse at the east
301
Romanesque period
a style of art emerging in Italy 9th Century and lasting until the advent of Gothic architecture in the 12C. The reason behind the name of this period is because the observers thought it looked closer to Rome than to Gothic
302
Age of faith
the church re-established itself as a strong unifying and stabilizing force
303
Monasticism
Monasteries became the center of education
304
Feudalism
Charlemagne's kingdom was parceled out among his grandsons
305
Knighthood
knights were young sons of noble families who attached themselves for military purposes
306
Crusades
a series of religious expeditionary wars blessed by the pope and the Catholic church, with the stated goal of restoring Christians access to the hay places in near Jerusalem
307
Manoralism
economic system based upon limited land ownership and forced labor (serfs)
308
Reliquiaries
containers of relics (body parts or possessions of saints)
309
Pilgrimage arts
relics and images that were the attraction for pilgrimage
310
Bayeux Tapestry
a unique embroided narrative, probably executed by a group of women
311
Trumeau
central support of Medieval doorwards
312
Tympanum
lunette above the door was ornamented with complex iconography
313
Westwork
the western facade decorated with flanking
314
Monastery
denotes the building, or complex of buildings, that houses a room reserved for prayer (e.g. an oratory) as well as the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics
315
Cathedra of Pisa
an architectural landmark by an unknown architect famous for its leaning tower
316
Santiago de compostela (spain)
a pilgrimage destination for paul's pilgrims
317
Durham Cathedral (england)
The greatest most ambitious Romanesque church built in England.
First to use pointed arches. Features a wheel window.
318
Tower of London
a royal place of her majesty in London
319
Gothic period
a style period where applied to the arts of western Europe from 12th-15th c. generally called Opus Fragnecium or French work which is an indication of its origins, or Opus Modernum (modern architecture)
320
Gothic Art
is elegant, highly decorated and characterized by the use if sumptous, colorful materials. Focus on the the construction of churches and cathedras
321
Abbot Suger
Proponent of Gothic style. Abbot of St. Denis cathedral that designed the facade, ambulatory and chapels of the royal Abbey Church of St. Denis
322
Scholasticism
was the method of teaching that dominated the schools of western Europe from about 1100 until about 1600. Students were taught to argue from reason, experience and authority
323
Tempera technique
a painting technique in which the pigments are combined with egg
324
Stained glass
a colored glass made by mixing metallic oxides into molten, translucent glass or fixing oxides onto surface of clear glass, cut into shapes
325
Cimabue
original name Bencivieni di pepo and mosaicist, the last great Italian artist in the byzantine style, which had dominated early medieval painting in italy
326
Giotto
a student of cim abue, he is the most important italian painter of the 14th century who works point to the innovations of the Renaissance style that developed century later; his contribution was hid unparalleled grasp of human emotion
Grandfather of Renaissance art
327
Cathedral
from the greek word "kathedra" meaning seat or throne. the home church of a bishop usually the principal church in a diocies
328
Rose window
a circular window with tracery mullions radiating from a central point
329
Flying buttresses
an exterior structure composed of thin half-arches, or flyers. This supported the wall at the point where the thrust of an interior arch was greatest
330
Ribbed Groin Vaults
vault the requires less buttressing; a compound built in which barrel vault intersects from arises called groins
331
Lierne vault
a lierne rib any small subordinate rib which is inserted between the main ribs, more often as an ornament than for reasons of construction
332
Fan vault
a concave conical vault whose ribs, of equal length and curvature, radiate from the springing like the ribs of a fan
333
Gargoyles
Grotesque flying statues at the roof of a church or cathedral, used as rain spouts.
334
piers
a column-like support for arches in the Gothic churches
335
Compound column
a pier composed of a conjuction of colonettes, generally attached to a central shaft; a clustered columns
336
Bosses
Ornamental projections covering the intersection of the ribs.
337
Crockets
projecting carved ornaments in a bud or leaf shape used on the sides of the pinnacles and spires
338
corbels
brackets set into the wall to carry a beam
339
Spire
A tall tower with a roof tapering upward to a point
340
Triforium
A gallery or range of arches above the longitudinal arch bounding the nave or choir in a church.
341
Abbey Church of St. Denis
an architectural landmark as it was the first major structure of which a substantial part was designed and built in the Gothic style
342
Cathedral of Notre dame de chartes
known as France's model church; known for its unmatched towers
343
Amiens Cathedral (france)
the tallest complete cathedral in france, with the greatest interior volume
344
Reims Cathedral
France built in the High gothic style. features more window space and the tympanum walls are filled with glass. Known for its portals that have porches that cover them.
345
Cologne Cathedral (germany)
floor space is the largest among all Gothic churches
346
King's College chapel
the chapel to kings college of the university of cambridge, and is one of the finest examples of the late gothic (perpendicular) english architecture; features or fan vaulting of the roof
347
Doge's Palace
residence of the chief magistrate of Venice, a palace built in Venetian Gothic Style
348
Ca D' Oro
literally the house of Gold, is a palace on the gran canal in venice, northern Italy. The architects of the Ca d'oro were Giovanni bon and his son Bartolomeo bon
349
Renaissance Period
period where man was freed the religious restraints of the medieval times
350
Renaissance
means rebirth of the art of classic antiquity that occured in italy in the 14th centery
351
Humanism
an ideology that believes that humans purportedly created in the Judeo-Christian God, had been given the ability for rational though to some meaningful end
352
Secularism
weakening of the spiritual and political leadership of the Church; Material prosperity ; abuses and problems with doctrines
353
Early renaissance
a style of italian art and architecture developed during the 15th century, characterized by the development of linear perspective, chiaroscuro, and in building by the free and inventive use of classical details
354
Chiaroscuro
The distortion that is seen by the eye when an object is viewed at a distance
355
Foreshortening
method of rendering a specific object or figure in a picture in depth
The distortion that is seen by the eye when an object is viewed at a distance
356
Giotto di Bondone
He was often considered as the founder of renaissance painting by breaking away from the byzantine tradition of painting to naturalism, humanism and composition
Father of Renaissance Art
357
Masaccio
a disciple of Giotto, first great painter of the Italian renaissance. his frescoes are the earliest monuments of Humanism, and introduce a plasticity previously unseen in figure painting
358
Fra Angelico
a Dominican monk, all of his art was the insights of spiritual depth (Madonna with babe and angels)
359
Fra Lippi
complete antithesis of Fra Angelico ; more concerned with physical beauty than the insight or spiritual depth
360
Alessandro Boticelli
Instrumental with the opening to us the stories and characters of classical mythology, he was classed with the sentimental, devotional group and also learned scientists
works: Birth of Venus
361
Jan Van Eyck
Most prominent painter of the early renaissance styleHe perfected the process of painting with oil and varnish.
362
Donatello
Sculptor known for sacred themes.
; works : "St. Mark:, Gattamelata, bronze, Young David
363
Lorenzo Gibherti
A sculptor who did the north and east doors of the Baptistery of San Giovanni.
364
Early Renaissance Architecture
Characterized by an emphasis in symmetry, exact mathematical relationships between parts. Ashlar masonry was used in a rusticated finish in horizontal courses.
They used horizontal cornices and balustrades known as string cornices.
365
Filippo Brunelleschi
Designed the dome for the Florence Cathedral
366
Giovanni Medici
Founded the Medici "dynasty" and built the Ospedale Degli Inosenti for the poor
367
Michelezzo and Brunelleschi
Designed the Palazzo Medici-Ricardi
368
String cornices
horizontal cornices and balustrades are known as
369
Leon Batista Alberti
Designed the Palazzo Rucellai
370
Lucca Pitti
Designed the Palazzo Pitti, the largest palace in Italy aside from the Vatican
371
High Renaissance
Represented by a culmination of talent. Placed emphasis on draftsmanship and illusion of sculptural volume in painting
372
Leonardo Da Vinci
Best known painter, but everything as well.
Attempted to unite science with art. He used sfumato which translates to smokey in Italian
373
Sfumato
a modeling technique which consisted of blurring sharp outline with subtle, tonal gradations, imparting a mysterious enigmatic quality, hinting at the subject's spiritual dimension
374
Michelangelo Buonarotti
He trained in Florence and used the knowledge to glorify God.
His style became the foundation of Baroque-Mannerism.
works: Pieta
375
Titan
The leader of the 16th Century Venetian school of the Italian Renaissance.
376
Raphael (Rafaello Sanzio)
trained in Umbria but studies in Florence. He usually painted beautiful, gentle, calm women in a courteous manner.
Works: School of Athens
377
Albrecht durer
known as Leonardo of the North, produced more than a thousand woodcuts and engravings
378
Tempietto
meaning small temple, it marked the spot of St. Peter's crucifixion
Measures 15 ft. in diameter and is reminiscent to the circular planned building.
379
Capitoline hill
Composed of the Palace of the Senate by the right, the Capitoline Museum at the top, the conservatory at the left and the statue of Marcus Aurelius at the middle
380
San Carlo Alle Quatro Fontane
established boromini's reputation for faring architectural innovation. architecture by Francvisco Borromini
381
English Baroque
A style known for its awkwardness and overly ornate handling of French Baroque Characteristics. Had Charles II as its patron
382
Castle Howard
one of the premier stately homes of England
