D13: . Basic canine breeding (goals, use, conformation and judging, breeding methods)

Question 1

what are breed standards?
give examples

Answer 1

*What: Idealized & general description of breed characteristics.

Examples:
* Specific height & weight of dog
* Body proportions
* Coloration
* Conformation, Etc.

Question 2

What information does registering a dog include?

Answer 2

• Lists accurate pedigree,
• Breeding data of offspring & ancestry (4 parental generations)
• Individual identification
  ◦ Congenital markings
  ◦ Microchips
  ◦ Tattoos, Etc.
• Stud book

Question 3

what is a kennel?

Answer 3

Kennel: where purebred dogs are kept & bred

Question 4

what is the function of kennel clubs/ breeding associations?
give examples

Answer 4

• Lists breed standards
• Judging rules, Etc

examples:
-> The Kennel Club (UK)
-> national kennel clubs e.g. The Irish Kennel Club.

Question 5

What are the breeding goals of dogs?

Answer 5

• Varies with breed/ type/ purpose → working dogs, pets, show dogs, racing, sporting (agility) etc.
• Increase common genetic material above 50%.
• Preservation, fixation of desired characteristics.

Question 6

What are the desired breeding traits of dogs?

Answer 6

Varying depending on breeding goal:
◦ Aesthetics (appearance, conformation)
◦ Intelligence
◦ Performance (racing dogs)
◦ Fertility
◦ Litter size
◦ Temperament

Question 7

Is BVE used in dogs?

Answer 7

uncommon
In general: prepotent and genetically outstanding individuals are preferred in breeding and selection (show ring winners).

Question 8

What breeding methods are used in dog breeding?

Answer 8

inbreeding
crossbreeding
outcrossing

Question 9

what is inbreeding?

Answer 9

◦ Breeding of related individuals within 4 generations.
◦ Increases homozygous and resemblance of strain.
◦ Decreases heterozygosis, genetic drift, bottle neck effect.
◦ Character fixation + prepotency may occur.
◦ May predispose animals to certain defects /medical conditions.

◦ Can be measured by inbreeding coefficient (F):
‣ Grandparents, half siblings = 12.5%
‣ Parents & children, full siblings = 25%

◦ Inbreeding depression may occur: Decreased fertility & reproduction problems.
‣ Decreased fitness, viability & resistance.
‣ Genetic abnormalities & diseases.
‣ Inbreeding is often used as test-mating to reveal genetic abnormalities.

Question 10

what is line breeding?

Answer 10

Line breeding:
◦ Breeding of related dogs. Generally repeatedly backcrossing of sires on their offspring.

Breeding goal of inbreeding:
◦ Preservation & fixation of desired characteristics. To increase common genetic material above 50%.

◦ Prerequisites:
‣ Healthy males as line founders
‣ Healthy sires free of genetic defects

◦ Results in father-offspring resemblance.

Question 11

at is outcrossing?

Answer 11

• Breeding out of 4 generations (not within 4 gens).
• necessary for genetic refreshment, Purebred breeding without inbreeding.
• To introduce fresh genetic material (characters).
• Slow genetic progress.
• No genetic stability, disrupt carefully fixed genetic construction.

Question 12

what is like to like mating?

Answer 12

not related!!
* Only similar phenotype (diff. genotype!).
* No increased homozygosis: poor fixation, heterozygosis.
* Possible improvement in quantitative traits.
* Free and new combinations, segregations in qualitative traits.

Question 13

what is unlike to unlike mating?

Answer 13

Different genotypes and phenotypes.
* Increased genetic instability.
* Avoid extreme cases.

Question 14

what is cross breeding?

Answer 14

-> Intentionally bred offspring (crossing) of two or more different recognized dog breeds.

-> First generation (F1, 50%-50%) and multigenerational crossings (F1b, backcross, 25% purebred-A, 75% purebred-B).

-> To distinguish from mutt or mixed dogs of uncertain ancestry puppies are called by portmanteau word:
- Labrador retriever × Poodle = Labradoodle.
- Schnauzer × Poodle = Schnoodle.
- Pug × Beagle = Puggle.
- Cocker Spaniel × Poodle = Cockapoo.
- German Shepherd dog, × Husky × Chow Chow = German Chusky.

• American Mastiff (Anatolian Shepherd × Mastiff).
• Bull Terrier (Old English Bulldog × Old English Terrier).
• Irish Wolfhound (Surviving original Irish Wolfhound × Scottish Deerhound × Great Dane).

Question 15

Why do breeders perform cross-breeding?

Answer 15

To reduce hereditary problems,
To achieve an intended appearance or behaviour,
To achieve heterosis or hybrid vigour,
To produce pets or companion dogs.

Question 16

What are the 8 ‘old rules’ of dog mating?

Answer 16

• Resemblance phenotype (prefer like to like).
• Differences in phenotype (unlike to unlike).
• Avoid common defects.
• Positive traits do not correct the negative ones of the same defect.
• Parental generations (minimum the parents!) should be free of defects.
• The dog pair should be free of genetic diseases.
• Fertile sire dog.
• Prepotency (abitlity to pass traits onto offspring) of any parent.

Question 17

name some Hungarian breeds

Answer 17

viszla –> gundog
Komondor –> Livestock guard
Puli –> livestock guard dog
Kuvasz –> livestock guarddog