d265 Flashcards
The natural tendency to accept evidence supporting our existing
beliefs while dismissing evidence that challenges our beliefs.
conformation BIas
systematic mistakes people make in categorizing and interpreting information we use to make decisions
cognitive bias
An automatic belief-like attitude that can explain how our instinctual response can conflict with our reasoned-out beliefs (a cake that looks like a gym shoe..even though you know it is cake you still can’t eat it because it looks like a gym shoe)
Alief (An automatic belief)
A cognitive bias in which we cataorgize a new situation based on the experience in your mind ( person in the bank with a mask on)
Representativeness heuristics
Our tendency to anchor to the first piece of information we have about a new domain and “adjust “ up or down from there
Anchoring and adjusting
This kind of bias happens when the sample we generalize from is not representative of the larger target population
selection bias
This occurs when the same data is reported differently to achieve different rhetorical goals
selective reporting
Committed when one attacks the person making the argument rather than attacking the argument itself.
Ad Hominem (attacking the homie)
committed when one argues that the origin of an idea is a reason for rejecting that idea (who, what and where the argument came from )
genetic fallacy
committed when one misrepresents another argument then attacks the misrepresented argument rather than the actual argument
straw figure
is committed when one introduces an irrelevant topic
red herring
is committed when one appeals to an unqualified authority in support of one’s claim.
appeal to authority
is committed when one uses a threat to compel agreement. (threat)
Appeal to force
Fallacy is committed when one appeals to the popularity of a belief as a reason to affirm its truth
Appeal to popularity
The fallacy is committed when one appeals to the bad (or good) consequences of accepting a claim as a reason to reject (or accept) it as true.
Appeal to Consequences
The fallacy is committed when one’s argument hinges on mistakenly using the same word in two different senses. (batanimal & batequpment)
Equivocation
The fallacy is committed when someone reasons from our lack of knowledge that a claim is false (or true) to the conclusion that the claim is true (or false)
Appeal to ignorance
The fallacy is committed when someone argues, without sufficient reason, that one event will lead to a series of events ultimately ending in a further (usually disastrous) event ( goes from bad to worse)
slippery slope
The fallacy is committed when one “cherry-picks” only evidence supporting their desired conclusion.
Texas sharpshooter
The fallacy is committed when one claims one event causes another just because the first event occurs before the second event.
Post Hoc (ergo propter hoc)
The fallacy is committed when someone generalizes too quickly about a group of people, things, or events.
Hasty generalization
The fallacy is committed when one presumes that there are fewer options (typically two) than there actually are.
False dilemma
The fallacy is a circular argument in which the premises of the argument presumes the truth of the conclusion.
Begging the question
This fallacy is committed when one presumes that one’s(implausible) claim is justified unless someone else demonstrates otherwise (something happened if you don’t believe me just try to prove me wrong)
Burden of proof shifting
