D3.1 HL only

Question 1

Puberty

Answer 1

the period of physical and hormonal changes that occur when a child transitions into adulthood

Question 2

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Answer 2

a hormone that controls the production of sex hormones and reproductive development

Question 3

gonadotropins

Answer 3

hormones that regulate the function of the gonads, or sex glands

Question 4

spermatogenesis

Answer 4

the process of producing sperm cells in the testes

Question 5

interstitial cells

Answer 5

cells that are located in the spaces between functional cells in a tissue

Question 6

spermatogonia

Answer 6

an undifferentiated male germ cell. Spermatogonia undergospermatogenesisto form mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testicles

Question 7

sertoli cells

Answer 7

a type ofsomaticcell around whichspermatidsdevelop in thetubulesof thetestis.

Question 8

primary spermatocyte

Answer 8

a diploid cell that contains two sets of chromosomes, or 46 chromosomes in humans.It is a cell that results from mitosis of immature germ cells called spermatogonia

Question 9

secondary spermatocyte

Answer 9

a haploid cell produced when a primary spermatocyte undergoes the first meiotic division

Question 10

spermatids

Answer 10

immature male cells that are formed after the second division of meiosis

Question 11

differentiation

Answer 11

the process by which immature cells become mature cells with specific functions

Question 12

oogenesis

Answer 12

the process of producing female gametes, or ova, in the ovaries

Question 13

germinal epithelium

Answer 13

the tissue that produces germ cells in the ovaries and testes

Question 14

primary follicle

Answer 14

a group of cells in the ovary that surrounds a growing egg cell, or oocyte

Question 15

mature follicle

Answer 15

a fluid-filled sac in the ovary that contains a fully developed egg

Question 16

secondary oocyte

Answer 16

a haploid cell that is an immature egg cell in the process of becoming an ovum

Question 17

medulla

Answer 17

the lowest part of the brainstem and connects to the spinal cord

Question 18

oogonium

Answer 18

a small, diploid cell that develops into an oocyte in the ovaries of female animals

Question 19

primary oocyte

Answer 19

a cell in the female reproductive system that has not yet completed meiosis I, the first stage of meiosis

Question 20

secondary oocyte

Answer 20

a haploid cell that is an immature egg cell in the process of becoming an ovum

Question 21

polar body

Answer 21

a small haploid cell that is formed at the same time as an egg cell during oogenesis, but generally does not have the ability to be fertilized

Question 22

ovum

Answer 22

a reproductive cell, or egg cell, produced by the female reproductive system

Question 23

fertilisation

Answer 23

the process when a sperm cell and an egg cell join to form a zygote

Question 24

polyspermy

Answer 24

when more than one sperm fertilizes an egg

Question 25

implantation

Answer 25

the process by which a fertilized egg attaches to the uterine lining

Question 26

endometrium

Answer 26

the tissue layer that lines the uterus

Question 27

trophoblast

Answer 27

cells that form the outer layer of a blastocyst and develop into the placenta

Question 28

blastocyst

Answer 28

a ball of cells that forms in a fertilized egg during the early stages of embryo development

Question 29

placenta

Answer 29

an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall, thereby allowing nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply

Question 30

umbilical cord

Answer 30

a tube-like structure that connects a fetus to the placenta, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and removing waste products

Question 31

amniotic sac

Answer 31

a thin, transparent, fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects a fetus during pregnancy

Question 32

inner cell mass

Answer 32

a group of cells in an early embryo that develops into all the tissues in the body

Question 33

amniotic fluid

Answer 33

a clear or slightly yellow liquid that surrounds and protects a fetus during pregnancy

Question 34

hCG

Answer 34

a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy

Question 35

monoclonal antibodies

Answer 35

laboratory-made proteins that bind to specific antigens in the body

Question 36

pregnancy test

Answer 36

measures the level of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in a person's blood or urine

Question 37

hCG antibodies

Answer 37

antibodies that detect the presence of the hCG hormone

Question 38

hCG-gold antibody complex

Answer 38

antibodies that detects the presense of hCG bond to gold atoms that produce the color change that displays the result of a pregnancy test

Question 39

chorionic villi

Answer 39

finger-like projections of the placenta that allow for the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste between the mother and fetus

Question 40

progesterone

Answer 40

a steroid hormone that plays a vital role in the female reproductive system, pregnancy, and embryogenesis

Question 41

corpus luteum

Answer 41

a temporary endocrine gland in the ovary that produces hormones to prepare the uterus for pregnancy

Question 42

ovulation

Answer 42

the process of releasing an egg from an ovary during a woman's menstrual cycle

Question 43

menstruation

Answer 43

the monthly shedding of the lining of the uterus, or endometrium, that occurs when pregnancy does not occur

Question 44

embryo

Answer 44

the early stage of development in a multicellular organism, such as a human, animal, or plant

Question 45

oxytocin

Answer 45

a hormone that plays a key role in the reproductive systems of both men and women

Question 46

pituitary gland

Answer 46

a pea-sized gland in the brain that produces hormones that regulate many bodily functions

Question 47

menopause

Answer 47

a biological stage in a woman's life when she stops having menstrual periods

Question 48

hormone replacement therapy

Answer 48

Treatment with hormones to replace natural hormones when the body does not make enough

Question 49

coronary heart disease (CHD)

Answer 49

usually caused by a build-up of fatty deposits (atheroma) on the walls of the arteries around the heart (coronary arteries)