D5 Antiviral medications

Question 1

viruses vs bacteria

Answer 1

1. submicroscopic (electron) // microscopic (light)
2. only protein and nucleic acid (RNA/DNA) // complex cellular structure
3. live and repro in living cells // independently of other cells
4. specific to host cells // non specific?

Question 2

how do viruses function?

Answer 2

take over host cell to carry out repro = releases viral particles when cell dies

Question 3

why is the bodys immune system inefficient to treat viruses

Answer 3

can remain dormant in cells, flaring up at a later time

Question 4

why is it difficult to treat viruses 2

Answer 4

1. they are structurally basic = little to target
2. they multiply and mutate rapidly = changing succepibility to drugs

Question 5

how are viruses treated? ______ treatemnt (________ healthcare)

Answer 5

prophylactic treatement
= preventative healthcare

Question 6

example of prophylactic treatment

Answer 6

vaccination – stimulates body to produce specific antibodies to counter viruses

Question 7

problem with prophylactic treatment

Answer 7

due to viral mutations = vaccines only useful for KNOWN strains
- diff vacc each year to counteract new strains

Question 8

what is influenza caused by

Answer 8

sphereical viruses with only RNA

Question 9

symptoms of influenza

Answer 9

chills, headache, sore throat, weakness

Question 10

names of 2 impt proteins for influenza

Answer 10

1. hemagglutinin (H)
2. neuraminidase (N)

Question 11

what is hemagglutinin in influenza viruses

Answer 11

a glycoprotein
- enables viral particle to ‘dock’ with host cell

Question 12

what is neuraminidase in influenza

Answer 12

an enzyme
- catalyses cleavage reaction allowing new viral particles to escape from host
- snips off a sialic acid (sugar molecule) on host cell membrane

Question 13

what is the action of neuraminidase

Answer 13

binds to substrate (sialic acid) at active site

Question 14

how do influenza drugs inhibit

Answer 14

inhibitor drugs bind with neuraminidase permenantly
= interfere with life cycle of virus

Question 15

which protein is a better target for influenza drugs (tho if action of either is affected = viral life cycle affected)

Answer 15

neuraminidase (N) is a better target

Question 16

name 2 types of flu antivirals

Answer 16

tamiflu and relenza

Question 17

functional grps tamiflu vs relenza

Answer 17

ester // carboxylic acid + hydroxyl (3)

Question 18

drug administration tamiflu vs relenza

Answer 18

orally // inhalation

Question 19

resistance to drug tamiflu vs relenza

Answer 19

rare strains show resistance // no resistance

Question 20

counter effects tamiflu vs relenza

Answer 20

nausea + vomiting // possible asthma

Question 21

what is the full name of AIDS and HIV

Answer 21

aquired immune deficiency syndrome

casued by

human immunodeficiency virus

Question 22

HIV is a _____virus = genetic material is __NA

Answer 22

retro

R

Question 23

Transmission of AIDS/HIV 3

Answer 23

blood
semen
mucus

Question 24

what does AIDs cause

Answer 24

failure of immune system
= exposure to life threatening infection/cancer

Question 25

what cell does HIV target

Answer 25

CD4'T -- a type of wbc

Question 26

4 how does HIV infect the CD4'T cell

Answer 26

1. HIV binds to receptor proteins on cell surface = penetrates 2. HIV releases RNA = enzyme reverse transcriptase synthesises viral DNA 3. viral DNA integrates into cell DNA = replicates in daughter cells 4. infected cell prod HIV, releasing upon death Bind Rna Enrevtrans Daughter Death BREDD

Question 27

3 difficulties in solving aids

Answer 27

1. targets cells that defend immune system against viruses 2. mutates rapidly = body must continuously respond to new variations 3. often dormant = hard for immune system to act against

Question 28

what drugs are used to treat HIV

Answer 28

antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) - target and interrupt diff stages in HIV life cycles = suppresses infections - can prevent tranmission mother to child (pregnancy)

Question 29

what do antiretroviral drugs target

Answer 29

viral enzyme reverse transcriptase

Question 30

example of ARV inhibitors targeting viral enzyme reverse transcriptase

Answer 30

must be tailored to indiv patients, using a combo of inhibitors - must weigh factors: side effects, potency, transmission prevention, expense - expensive and must be sustained lifelong

Question 31

hasvaccination been able to provide imunity for HIV yet

Answer 31

NO :(