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VETM 465: Applied Nutrition > Dairy 3 - Nicole > Flashcards

Dairy 3 - Nicole Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

lactation goals

A

-prevent BCS loss
-maximize DMI and milk production
-return to reproductive cyclicity

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2
Q

what do lactating dairy cows need energy for

A

maintenance
growth (1st parity)
milk production
reproduction

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3
Q

nutrient reqts depend on

A

parity
days in milk (DIM)
milk yield and composition
cow weight
physical activity, environmental temp/humidity
gestation phase

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4
Q

fresh cows are:

A

cows that have just calved, fed separately from the lactating herd
- usually kept separate for 14 days but ideally 21 days

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5
Q

fresh cow nutrition needs

A

increased NDF (fiber)
decreased starch
bypass AA and fat
molasses

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6
Q

fresh cows - goal is for them to be pregnant by 90 DIM. what gets in the way?

A

NEB - delayed first ovulation
increased dietary CP - increased urea in the plasma affects uterine environment

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7
Q

getting ready for the dry period (200 DIM onwards ish) - what changes

A

decreased nutritional demand (even though preggers)
decreased milk yield
increased DMI
no NEB
cautious about recovering BCS without gaining too much

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8
Q

how do we feed lactating cows in western Canada (bc small herd sizes/farms here)

A

TMR - single ration to entire lactating cows
- simpler, formulated for the high-production group
-avoid social distress/competition when moving groups

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9
Q

how do we feed larger farms of lactating cows

A

different TMR for different groups (early/mid/late, high/low milk production)

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10
Q

automated milking systems - what changes at the robot

A

they get fed a PMR (partial mixed ration)
- concentrate during milking
-PMR between millings (lower in E)
- can do some degree of individualized feeding (precision)

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11
Q

structural CHO are important because

A

rumination, VFA (acetate), microbial protein, milk fat

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12
Q

non-structural CHO are important for

A

VFA (proprionate, microbial protein, lactose, and milk volume

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13
Q

forage to concentrate ratio in dairy cow diet

A

60:40

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14
Q

feeding increased forage means

A

cellulose –> more rumination, ruminal pH 6-7, acetate:proprionate (4:1)

+ acetate + FA + milk fat , - milk volume

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15
Q

feeding increased concentrate means

A

starch, less rumination, ruminal pH 5.5-6, acetate:propionate (2:1)

+ proprionate, + glucose + Lactose + milk volume , - milk fat

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16
Q

NDF

A

neutral digestive fibre

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17
Q

peNDF

A

physically effective NDF - fibre that is physically effective size to make cows ruminate
- very important when feeding TMR

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18
Q

how to test particle size

A

shakers (idk what theyre called)
holes get smaller per layer so you can see what % of the diet has what size

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19
Q

non-structural CHO - grain processing! influences

A

the rate and extent of ruminal and intestinal digestion
- increases surface area for rumen microbes
- breaking the pericarp makes the endosperm accessible

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20
Q

finely ground grain - increased digestibility BUT

A

increased risk of acidosis

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21
Q

if low dietary protein, microbes do what

A

microbial protein synthesis (12-14% CP)

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21
Q

non-thermal grain processing

A

rolling, cracking, grinding

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22
Q

focus on bypass protein/AA for the cow so that

A

microbes dont get that protein and the cow gets to make milk protein

-methionine and lysine

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23
Q

why was there a shift towards plant based proteins

A

BSE

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24
do cows ferment lipids
no - low dietary fat (max 7%)
25
we use bypass fat to strategically increase E - when?
when the cow is in NEB
26
why is water important
milk is 87.5% water! limiting water intake drastically reduces DMI - cows drink 150L a day ish
27
monitoring dairy cow nutrition - there are 3 types of diet
1. formulated 2. mixed 3. eaten
28
monitoring dairy cow nutrition
- cattle health & productivity - feeding costs & usage
29
dairy herd monitoring - what do u consider
BCS fecal score milk components health events repro
30
BCS considerations (in DIM)
- expected loss in early lactation - MAX difference of 1.0 (scale 1-5)
31
ideal BCS at drying off ideal BCS at calving ideal BCS at breeding
3.25-3.75 3.25-3.75 3.0-3.5
32
is being too skinny or too fat worse
fat :(
33
fecal score monitors
passage rate - fiber and water content rated on scale 1-5
34
milk components - what do we monitor
milk fat, milk urea nitrogen
35
decreased milk fat means
diet inadequacies --> rumen health is compromised
36
milk fat depression syndrome (MFD) -- what causes it?
increased non-structural CHO and decreased fibre , abrupt diet changes
37
which VFA is most linked to milk fat
acetate
38
milk urea nitrogen (MUN)
reflects protein nutritional status
39
too low of MUN (<10) means
decreased RDP in diet
40
too much MUN (>14) means
increased RDP or decreased CHO - not enough energy -waste protein
41
when we're monitoring feeding what are we monitoring
quality, particle size/mixing, and ingredient changes
42
bunk management - what is important
distribution along the bunk, bunking space (60cm ish per cow to minimize competition), and frequency of push-ups and feeding
43
what is important about frequency of push-ups and feeding
- feed delivery once or twice daily - pushing up several times
44
what is ketosis
energy metabolism disorder - kyperketonemia (excessive amounts of long-chain FAs)
45
primary vs secondary ketosis
primary (type 1) ketosis - 2-4 weeks postpartum, increased milk prod. and glucose demand by mammary gland, not assoc w/ fatty liver secondary (type 2) ketosis - very near parturition, associated with fatty liver
46
herd level prevalence of ketosis
20-40%
47
early lactation - animals in NEB because
decreased DMI while increased milk production - excessive fat mobilization to meet energy requirements
48
increased fat mobilzation means mobilzation of
NEFAs (non-esterified fatty acids)
49
if too many NEFAs floating around, what happens?
acetyl coA goes to B oxdation pathway (which makes ketone bodies) instead of into the Krebs cycle which makes glucose
50
ketosis clinical signs
decreased DMI and milk production lethargy abnormal behaviour - aggression, incoordination, chewing on nonfood objects
51
clincial & subclinical ketosis BHBA (B-hydroxybutyrate) levels
clinical - BHBA >= 3.0 mm/L subclinical - >= 1.2-2.9 mmol/L
52
dietary strategies to prevent ketosis
adequate nutrition during the transition period minimize NEB
53
strategies to minimize NEB
-avoid decreased DMI (control BCS and dietary energy in close up diet) -smooth transition to lactation diet -maximize DMI postpartum (palatable feed, water, adequate bunk space, comfort) - use of additives
54
additives to prevent ketosis
choline proprionate precursors ionophores
55
why use choline for prevention of ketosis
fatty liver = limiiting factor for VLDL fat export from the hepatic tissue in ruminants
56
examples of propionate precursors for ketosis prevention
propylene glycol, glycerol
57
ionophores help prevent ketosis bc
selects ruminal microbiota that are more gram -ve which produce more propionate >>> acetate ex - monensin, lasalocid
58
hypocalcemia also called
milk fever
59
hypocalcemia is
failure of calcium homeostasis - blood Ca falls faster than homeostatic mechanisms - increased demand postpartum without PTH sensitization
60
when does milk fever happen
2-3 DIM
61
how is milk fever & mastisis related
teat sphincter can't close with milk fever (muscle tone loss) - cow is down --> more access for bacteria
62
normal Ca homeostasis - decreased blood Ca -->
increased PTH --> decreased Ca excretion from kidneys --> Increased Ca absorption from gut --> increased Ca release from bones
63
clinical & subclinical hypocalcemia incidence in herds
clinical - 2-5% of cows subclinical - 50% of cows usually parity 2+ cows
64
dietary strategies to prevent hypocalcemia
1970s - low ca diets (doesnt work) 1980s - acidogenic diets - acidifcation of diet might promote bone mobilization in cows
65
what is a DCAD diet
negative dietary cation-anion difference - acidogenic diet for cows
66
how does a DCAD diet increase Ca
state of compensated metabolic acidosis - increased Ca in blood - ionized ca is displaced from albumin - increases PTH - increased sensitivity of tissues to PTH -increased expression of PTH receptor in the kidney
67
when to feed a DCAD diet
close up dry period - stop when they calve - not cheap or palatable
68
DCAD diet - how does it work
Sulfur & chloride are strong anions - adding Cl- and SO4(2-) without Na or K (imbalance of epithelial cells of the gut charges (more negative) forcing HCO3 into lumen & retention of H+
69
do you need to monitor when feeding DCAD diet
yes - measure urine pH - correlates with blood pH - check 48h after starting diet
70
goal of urine pH for DCAD diet
pH of 6.2-6.8 instead of normal pH of 7.0-8.5 if 5.0-5.5 - BAD !!! uncompensated metabolic acidosis - decreased DMI
71
displaced abomasum is what
gaseous distention and hypomotility of the abomasum
72
risk period of DA
transition and several weeks post-calving
73
is LDA or RDA more common
LDA - 80% within 4 weeks post-calving
74
risk factors for DA
-decreased DMI -hypocalcemia (smooth muscle contractility) -high grain diet for fresh cows (increased VFA in abomasum, reducing contractility, decreased rumination & contents)
75
prevention of DA
adequate nutrition during transition period strategies to minimize NEB
76
strategies to minimize NEB for LDA
-avoid decreased DMI (control BCS and dietary energy in close-up diet) -smooth transition to lactation diet -maximize DMI postpartum (palatable feed/water, adequate bunk space, use of additives)
77
ruminal acidosis means acid production is _____________ than acid absorption
more than - caused by excessive rapidly fermentable CHO with insufficient buffering and absoprtion
78
acute (lactic acidosis) rumen pH is
< 5.0 - lactic acid accumulation - less common but may be fatal
79
SARA - what does it stand for & what is the rumen pH
subacute ruminal acidosis pH 5.2-5.6 chronic & more common in dairy
80
VFA accumulation means
decreased DMI decreased cellulolytic fermentation damage to rumen epithelium (liver abscesses) altered hemodynamics & histamine/endotoxins release - laminitis
81
how is laminitis linked to ruminal acidosis
-endotoxin/LPS release from altered rumen microbiota --> vasoconstriction --> collapse of blood vessels in sole
82
ruminal acidosis can happen at any time so how to prevent :
gradual dietary changes same ingredients as much as possible feeding TMR with minimal peNDF - small increases in starch dietary buffers in low-forage diets ionophores - eliminate lactic acid producing bacteria
83
ruminal acidosis pathogenesis
increased fermentable CHO --> increased growth rate of all bacteria --> increased VFA --> decreased pH --> increased growth rate of strep bovis --> increased lactic acid --> decreased pH --> decreased growth rate of many bacteria --> pH <5.0 --> decreased S. bovis & increased lactobacilli --> increased lactic acid, etc
84
bloat
abnormal distension of the rumen - excessive retention of fermentation grasses
85
2 types of bloat
frothy bloat free gas bloat
86
frothhy bloat (type 1) produces a
stable foam that traps normal gases - happens in dairy cows in pasture with soluble protein content
87
bloat causing legumes
alfalfa, clover young green cereal crops that are heavily fertilized (winter wheat)
88
control frothy bloat -
decrease rate of ruminal fermentation grazing management - avoid early forage stores use bloat safe forages interseed legumes and grasses surfactant oils in drinking water (antifoaming agent)
89
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VETM 465: Applied Nutrition (20 decks)

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