Dairy Cattle Nutrition Flashcards
(69 cards)
1
Q
gestation peroid
A
280 days
2
Q
how long does lactation last
A
305 days
3
Q
how long is the dry peroid
A
60 days
4
Q
T/F dairy farms have births year round
A
true
5
Q
how many lactations are dairy cows profitable for
A
3-5
6
Q
when is peak lactation
A
weeks 4-10
7
Q
T/F DMI decreases with lactation
A
false (increases)
8
Q
how much of the total production cost is feed
A
40-50%
9
Q
what is milk production limited by
A
genetic
environment
10
Q
what are nutrients used for in dairy cows
A
- Growth in the immature animal
- Pregnancy (especially the last 3 months)
- Fattening/Regaining normal weight lost during lactation
- Maintenance
- Lactation / Milk Production
11
Q
T/F A cow in lactation and fed correctly will use 1⁄2 feed for maintenance and 1⁄2 feed for milk production
A
true
12
Q
what is the basis of ration
A
roughages (pasture, hay, silage)
13
Q
T/F dairy cattle need to be supplemented
A
true
concentrates, grains
14
Q
moisture content of hay when bales
A
≤20%
15
Q
T/F as green chop matures cow will eat less of it
A
true-less energy intake
16
Q
what is one of the most popular roughages for dairy cattle
A
corn silage
17
Q
what needs to be supplemented with corn silage
A
protein
minerals
18
Q
what is straw
A
non-grain part of crops (wheats/oats)
19
Q
what does straw add to the diet
A
fiber
20
Q
T/F straw is a cheap alternative for feeding dry cows and older heifers
A
true
21
Q
what is pasture ideal for
A
old heifers and dry cows
22
Q
why is pasture not good for lactating cows
A
rarely get enough dry matter, get drops in production
23
Q
if low what can be a limiting factor in milk production
A
energy content
24
Q
how much TDN do grains contain
A
70-80%
25
T/F processed grains are less digestible
false (more digestible)
26
what can lead to acidosis
finely ground grain
27
what it the most commonly used grain
corn
28
T/F cows tend to feed better when there is corn in the ration
true
29
what cereal has a higher protein content and lower energy content and digestability than corn
oats
30
which 2 cereals should not make up more the 1/2 the grain ration
barely and wheat
31
T/F quantity of protein is more important than quality
true
32
what is corn gluten meal
by product of the wet milling of corn for starch and syrup
33
lbs/head/day of corn gluten meal
5
34
soybean meal
* Excellent source of protein
* Found in many supplements
* Highly palatable
35
sunflower meal
* Good source of Protein and Phosphorus
| * Less palatable
36
linseed meal
* Good protein supplement
* Adds shine to hair coat – sale and show animals
* Palatable but laxative
37
cottonseed meal
* High protein content
| * Palatable but may cause constipation
38
how much feed-grade urea can be added to a ration
no more 0.4 pound/head/day
39
T/F Feed grade urea should be increased gradually
true - ruminal bacteria may adapt
40
by products of food industry
alfalfa meal
beet pulp
citrus/tomato pulp
whole cottonseed
molasses
41
Ca:P ratio
1.2:1 to 2:1
42
what % of milk is water
85%
43
T/F lactating cows need water in relation to size more than any farm animal
true
44
pH of rumen
6.5
45
what compounds do rumen microorganism digest
cellulose
hemicellulose
46
what are the VFA found in ruminants
acetate, proprionate, butyrate
47
advantages of rumen microorganisms
* Microorganisms can convert inexpensive non-protein N sources into protein for animal use
* Microorganisms can also make their own B vitamins
* Microorganisms can also breakdown some toxins --> ruminant less affected by some poisonous plants
48
disadvantages of rumen microorganisms
* Feed eaten by the animal gets digested by the microorganisms before being absorbed by the animal
* Sometimes Microorganisms will decrease the quality of the feed before the animal uses it (especially proteins)
49
protein and energy guidelines for lactating dairy cows
* Not more than 18-19% CP (Dry Matter basis) in early lactation
* Gradually reduce to 13% CP (Dry Matter basis) in middle/late lactation
* Total ration should contain 60-70% TDN = 0.6-0.8 Mcal net energy per pound of feed
50
fiber guidelines
* Forage is the basis of dairy feeding
* High quality forages, if available, should be used, especially in early lactation
* Feed cows 1.5-2.8 pounds of forage (Dry matter) per 100 pounds of liveweight
* Fibre in the ration is needed to maintain milkfat
* Minimum 15% Crude Fibre in the Diet
51
carbohydrates guidelines
• Milk production and feed efficiency may be achieved by balancing the
amount of NDF and soluble carbohydrates (sugars and starches)
* High level of soluble carbohydrates --> acidosis, low milk fat
* Soluble Carbohydrates recommended at a level of 30-35%
* NDF recommended at a minimum of 28%
* ADF level of 19-21 % is recommended
52
mineral guidelines
Concentrate mix should contain 0.5-1.0% salt and 1% should be a Calcium-Phosphorus supplement
53
what are the most expensive part of the ration
grains and protein supplements
54
what are the 4 feeding phases of dairy cows
Phase 1: Occurs during the first 70 days of lactation; Highest milk production
Phase 2: 70-140 days after calving; Decreasing milk production; Highest DM intake
Phase 3: 140-305 days after calving Continual decrease in milk production
Phase 4: Dry period (40-60 days) Beginning of new lactation period
55
what are the feeding phases based on
milk production, fat test, DM intake, changes in BW
56
what it the most critical feeding peroid
phase 1
rapid increase in milk production, max production 4 weeks after calving
57
methods of feeding dairy cows
* Traditional
* Challenge or Lead Feeding
* Total Mixed Rations
* Automatic concentrate feeders
58
major disadvantage to traditional feeding
low producing cows frequently overfed on concentrates
59
when in challenge or lead feeding used
very small operations
high-producing dairy farms
60
TMR
divided into groups according to production levels
very popular in modern dairy farms
61
equipment needed for TMR
mixer blender unit
weighing device
62
automatic concentrate feeders: 3 types
magnetic, electronic and transponder
63
main goal of automatic concentrate feeders
allow high producing cows to have access to more concentrate
64
T/F Colostrum proteins actively participate in the protection of the neonate against pathogens and other postpartum environmental challenges
true
65
T/F protein absorption is mainly based on immunoglobulins in colostrum
true
66
T/F colostrum is milk
false
67
what regulates colostrum
hormones (estradiol and progesterone)
68
how much colostrum does a dairy calf need
* 1 gallon within 12 hours of birth
* 2 quarts w/i 1 hr of birth and 2 by 12 hr later
* Absolutely essential to avoid FAILURE OF PASSIVE TRANSFER
69
Failure of passive transfer
discharges
polyarthritis
depressed
scours
