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digestion and metabolism - wk 3 - friday > dairy nutrition > Flashcards

dairy nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

what happens during 305 day lactation

A
  • lactation begins after calving
  • breeding begins 60 d after calving, most cows become pregnant by 85 to 115 d
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2
Q

what is the dry period

A

60 day non-lactation

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3
Q

what happens during the dry period

A

mammary gland involution and regeneration prior to next lactation

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4
Q

what is the average growth rate

A

1.66 lbs/day

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5
Q

what is colostrum

A
  • first milk produced for the calf
  • contains large quantities of immunoglobulins
  • excellent source of energy, protein, vitamin A and D
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6
Q

what is the only ingredient in colostrum thats lower vs in whole milk

A

lactose (2.7 in colostrum vs 5 in whole milk)

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7
Q

what is the importance of colostrum feeding

A
  • no placental transfer of immunity in bovine animals
  • absorption of colostrum Ig provides passive immunity
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8
Q

what does early ingestion of colostrum provide

A
  • fluid for post natal circulatory volume
  • energy to maintain body temperature
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9
Q

what are the components of colostrum

A
  • large amounts of immunoglobulins (IgG)
  • leukocytes (cellular immunity)
  • growth factors and hormones
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10
Q

what are the systemic effects of Ig on immunity

A
  • protect against infectious enteric and respiratory diseases
  • reduced morbidity and mortality
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11
Q

what are the local gastrointestinal effects of Ig on immunity

A
  • bind to pathogens prior to absorption
  • present in intestinal secretions following absorption
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12
Q

what are the two proteins present in colostrum

A

casein and whey proteins

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13
Q

what are the proteins dependent on in colostrum

A

protein nutrition of the dam

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14
Q

what are absorbed amino acids used for

colostrum

A

protein synthesis as well as gluconeogenesis by the newborn calf

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15
Q

what do whey proteins provide

A

readily available source of AA

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16
Q

what does casein do

A

clots in abomasum to slow release

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17
Q

what is a fair to good indicator of colostrum quality is

A

appearance

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18
Q

what does thick and creamy colostrum contain

A

higher in antibodies and solids

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19
Q

what does thin and watery colostrum contain

A

lower in antibodies, solids (protein, fat)

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20
Q

what is a colostrometer

A
  • superior (50-140 mg/ml)
  • moderate (20-50 mg/ml)
  • inferior (<20 mg/ml)
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21
Q

about how much of ingested immunoglobulins are absorbed when colostrum is fed immediately after birth

A

35%

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22
Q

what are factors affecting passive transfer IG

A
  • IgG intake(g) = colostrum (IgG)
  • efficiency of absorption of Ig fed (time after birth)
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23
Q

what are the guidelines for feeding colostrum

A
  • feed 4 quarts of colostrum within 4 hours
  • adequate transfer Ig will occur in 90% of calves
  • feed 2 quarts again in 12 hours
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24
Q

what percent of body weight should you bottle feed colostrum

A

10-12% of body weight

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25
Q

esophageal feeder

A
  • slowly pass the tube along the tongue to the back of the mouth
  • calf will start chewing and swallowing
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26
Q

what is serum refractometer

A
  • calves 1st week
  • centrifuge serum
  • leave in car 2-4 hr
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27
Q

within the first week of life, total protein in ____ calves should be > ____ if <5.0 mg/dl FPT

A

90%; 5.5 mg/deciliter

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28
Q

what are the costs associated with FPT

A
  • increased mortality
  • increased treatment costs
  • decreased growth rates and feed efficiency
  • increased age at first calving
  • decreased in 1st and 2nd lactation milk yields
29
Q

how are calves at birth non-ruminants structurally

A
  • rumen-reticulum complex is undeveloped
  • esophageal groove diverts milk into abomasum
30
Q

how are calves at birth non-ruminants physiologically

A
  • calves dependent on milk sugars, milk protein and milk fat
  • diets are whole milk or milk based replacers
31
Q

what are options for milk feeding

A
  • milk replacer
  • whole milk from farm
  • waste milk from treated or high SCC cows (unpasteurized, pasteurized, acidified with formic or acetic acid)
32
Q

where are milk protein sources primarily from

A

by-products of the cheese and butter industry

33
Q

what do milk replacers typically contain

A

lard or tallow
* emulsified with lecithin to improve mixing and digestibility

34
Q

how digestible is milk fat

A

96%

35
Q

do highly unsaturated fats give good results

A

no (soy oil or corn oil)

36
Q

what is the concentration of fat in milk replacers

A

10-20%

37
Q

how much lactose should replacers contain

A

40-50%

38
Q

what simple CHO can calves digest

A

lactose and glucose

39
Q

how much milk or milk replacers should be fed daily

A

8-10% of body weight daily

40
Q

when should calves be offered grain

A

around 3 days - as calf grows increase intake of grain

41
Q

what is the goal by weaning (8wks)

A

double birth weight

42
Q

how many gallons/day are many calves fed milk/replacer

A

up to 2.5 gallons/day
* feed more milk as galf grows
* grain intake is delayed due to extra milk feeding

43
Q

what is thermal neutral zone

A
  • 60-80 degrees F for calves < 21 days of age
  • after 21 days of age lower critical temp is 40 d F
  • keep dry and draft free
44
Q

additional energy in milk is needed to maintain body temp - what is the temp and energy

A

60 d F needs 0.022 Mcal/kg^0.75/degrees C

45
Q

what is the relationship between amount of milk consumed and the amount of calf grain eaten

A

inverse relationship

46
Q

what is the rumen muscle and epithelium dependent on

A

dry feed intake of grain
* butyrate stimulates development of rumen papillae

47
Q

what is key in successful weaning

A

rumen development

48
Q

what is the transition period

A

2 weeks before and 2 weeks after weaning

49
Q

what should calves consume for 3-4 days before weaning

A

1kg of starter daily

50
Q

what happens to starter consumption after weaning

A

increases rapidly and should be offered free choice

51
Q

what is water intake related to

A

intake of calf grain
(4lbs of water per 1lb starter)

52
Q

in the calf’s first 2 weeks of life what is it being fed

A
  • protein % is 27% if on whole milk
  • protein % on milk replacers is whatever is reported
53
Q

remainder 6 weeks feeding calves

A
  • grain consumed increases weekly
  • protein % declines gradually as more 20% CP grain eaten
54
Q

feeding after weaning and early intro to group pen

A

protein 20% only calf grain consumed

55
Q

grass hay feeding calves

A
  • consumed at 12% CP
  • protein % begins to decline gradually as more hay eaten
56
Q

group pens

A
  • after weaning, moved into super hutch or group pen
  • 2-4 months of age
  • 180-300 lbs
  • limit grain 6-8 lbs/head
  • good quality grass hay available free choice
  • protein ~18%
57
Q

when weaning to 400lbs, what is period of adaptation

A
  • changes in housing and feeding
  • adjustments in rumen fermentation and digestion
58
Q

what are the nutrient requirements at weaning to 400lbs

A
  • calves require high energy and protein feeds
  • calf grower with good quality grass hay
59
Q

what occurs before 4 months of age

A
  • forage limited and grain fed until the rumen is fully developed
  • beginning to ferment feeds in the rumen
  • energy and protein needs mainly from grain
60
Q

what occurs after 4 months of age

A
  • forage in diet continues to increase with heifer age and size
  • energy and protein needs shift to rumen microbial fermentation
  • VFAs and microbial protein
61
Q

what occurs during pre-calving

A
  • pregnant heifers and cows need to be separated 3 wks before calving and fed a pre-fresh ration
  • majority of fetal growth occurs in the last 2 months (fetus needs AA as energy source, fetus growth has priority over maternal growth)
  • animals need diets to support any growth needs, the growth of the fetus and growth of mammary gland
62
Q

what is the metabolizable protein requirement for a far-off dry cow (27-32 lbs DM)

A
  • 800 grams/day
  • 12-13% CP
63
Q

what is the MP for a pre-fresh dry cow (21-25 lbs DM)

A
  • 1100 grams min at calving
  • 15-16% CP
  • lysine: methionine ratio close to 3.0
64
Q

how much milk is produced per day

A
  • 60-100lbs of milk/cow/day
  • 7-12 gallons of milk per cow per day
65
Q

which lactation has the greated milk production

A

3rd > 2nd > 1st

66
Q

what is optimal harvesting

A
  • harvest triticale and rye at optimal maturity
  • should be in flag leaf/seed head in boot stage
67
Q

what should the length of corn silage be cut to

A
  • 5/8 to 3/4 inch if kernel processor
  • KP rolls are set to 1-3 mm between rolls
68
Q

what occurs if there is a protein deficiency

A
  • reduced milk
  • reduced fertility
  • reduced dry matter intake
69
Q

what occurs if there is excessive protein

A
  • costly
  • high ammonia concentrations in rumen, increasing blood ammonia concentration, detrimental to fetility
  • detoxification into urea lost in urine, costing energy, environmentally harmful

digestion and metabolism - wk 3 - friday (2 decks)

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