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Dentistry Year 2 Term 1 > Daleel Daib > Flashcards

Daleel Daib Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

What teeth erupt from ages 6-8

3

A

First permanent molars
Central incisors
Lateral incisors

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2
Q

What teeth erupt from ages 11-12

4

A

First Premolars
Second premolars
Canines
Second molars

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3
Q

How much of the root is complete at eruption

How long between eruption and root formation

A

2/3

2-3 years

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4
Q

What teeth erupt at dental age 6

2

A

Mandibular and maxillary first molars

Mandibular central incisors

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5
Q

What teeth erupt at dental age 7

2

A

Maxillary central incisors

Mandibular lateral incisors

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6
Q

What teeth erupt at dental age 8

1

A

Maxillary lateral incisors

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7
Q

What teeth erupt at dental age 11

2

A

Mandibular and maxillary first premolar

Mandibular canine

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8
Q

What teeth erupt at dental age 12

2

A

Mandibular and maxillary second premolars

Maxillary canine

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9
Q

What teeth erupt at dental age 13-15

1

A

Second molars

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10
Q

What teeth erupt at dental age 18-21

1

A

Third molars

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11
Q

What toll like receptor does LPS of gram negative bacteria bind to to induce inflammatory cascade

A

TLR4

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12
Q

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity reaction

A

Type 1: immediate hypersensitivity
Type 2: antibody mediated hypersensitivity
Type 3: immune complex mediated hypersensitivity
Type 4: T cell mediated hypersensitivity

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13
Q

What happens during type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

What are some examples

A

IgE antibodies sensitise mast cells after they are released from plasma cells in response to allergen, when body comes into contact with allergen again sensitised mast cells trigger complementary cascade

Anaphylaxis
Atopy

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14
Q

What happens during type 2 hypersensitivity reaction

What are some examples

A

IgG or IgM antibodies coat surface of bodies own cell antigens, opsonising them. This triggers complementary cascade leading to inflammation and destruction of own cells via MAC or NK cells

Rheumatic heart disease
Haemolytic anaemia
Pernicious anaemia

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15
Q

What happens during type 3 hypersensitivity reaction

What are some examples

A

Insoluble immune complexes of antibodies IgG and IgM form in the blood and are deposited onto tissues activating compliment cascade and destruction and inflammation of host tissues

Rheumatoid arthritis
Serum sickness
Subacute bacterial endocarditis

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16
Q

What happens during type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

What are some examples

A

CD4 T cells recruit macrophages and neutrophils, CD8 T cells induce cell lysis

Contact dermatitis
Temporal arteritis, transplant rejection, leprosy symptoms, TB symptoms, coeliac disease

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17
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is angioedema

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is a lichenoid reaction to dental materials

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is vesiculobullous oral disease

A

Type 1
Type 4
Type 2

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18
Q

What are the main antibodies of the primary immune response

A

IgM

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19
Q

What are the main antibodies of the secondary immune response

20
Q

What are the components of a vaccine and what do they do

3

Study These Flashcards
A

Antigen- part or all of infectious microbe that triggers immune response
Preservatives and stabilisers- Thermosal, MSG
Adjuvants- added to induce stronger immune response often in subunit vaccines such as aluminium or lipid A

21
Q

What type of vaccines are Hepatitis B vaccine, Pertussis and Influenza vaccine

22
Q

What type of vaccines are diptheria and tetanus vaccines

23
Q

What type of vaccine in the Hib vaccine

Study These Flashcards
A

Conjugate vaccine

24
Q

What type of vaccine is the inactivated polio vaccine and hepatitis A vaccine

Study These Flashcards
A

Inactivated vaccine

25
What type of vaccine is Mar, chicken pox, measles and live polio vaccine
Live attenuated
26
How is polio spread | What percentage of polio cases invade motor neurones leading to paralysis
Faeco oral transmission | 0.5%
27
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the inactivated polio vaccine
No risk of vaccine related polio Doesn't stimulate antibody production in the gut so less effective against wild polio Protects only immunised person as others cannot contract the inactivated strains
28
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the oral (live) polio vaccine
Replicates wild polio virus as closely as possible Local mucosal immune response leads to creation of antibodies in the GALT (the area most likely to come into contact with wild polio) Community benefit- others can pick up weakened strain Weakened form of pathogen may mutate back to wild type polio and cause disease
29
What type of vaccine is the HPV vaccine What strains of HPV does it protect against 4 What strain can infect back of throat, tonsils and base of tongue and cause cancer
Subunit HPV16, HPV18, HPV6, HPV1 HPV16
30
Where are non steroid hormone receptors found
Transmembrane receptors on cell surface membrane
31
What are the amine hormones (non Steroid) Where are they produces Are they water or lipid soluble 3
Adrenaline- adrenal medulla- water soluble Noradrenaline- adrenal medulla- water soluble Thyroid hormone- thyroid gland- lipid soluble
32
What are steroid hormones derived from Are they lipid or water soluble How are they transported Where are their receptors
Cholesterol Lipid soluble Bind to specific binding proteins in blood Intracellular
33
What is the basic steroid hormone structure | 3
Four linked hydrocarbon rings Hydrocarbon tail Hydroxyl group
34
What are the types of steroid hormones | 6
``` Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Oestrogen Androgen Progestogen Secosteroid ```
35
What are the layers of the adrenal cortex going outwards and what hormones do they produce 3
Zona reticularis- androgens Zona fasciculata- glucocorticoids Zona glomerulosa- mineralocorticoids
36
What is the key glucocorticoid hormone What does it do 5
Cortisol Stress response Increases blood glucose levels through gluconeogenesis and suppression of glucose use by cells Increases protein breakdown and mobilisation of amino acids Anti inflammatory and immune suppression Increases mobilisation of fatty acids from adipose
37
How is cortisol regulated
Cortisol secretion stimulated by ACTH from anterior pituitary ACTH release stimulated by CRH from hypothalamus Release of ACTH and CRH regulated by negative feedback loop of plasma cortisol levels
38
What disorder is caused by cortisol deficiency What causes primary hypoadrenocorticism What causes secondary hypoadrenocorticism What are the symptoms of this disease 5
Addisons disease Primary hypoadrenocorticism caused by autoimmune damage Secondary hypoadrenocorticism caused by long term steroid therapy ``` Hypotension Fever, muscle weakness and malaise GIT symptoms- nausea or anorexia Weight loss Depression ```
39
What is addisonian crisis and why might it occur
A medical emergency that patients with hypoadrenocorticism my be at risk of due to stress associated with dental intervention causing hypotension and hypoglycaemia due to reduced cortisol secretion in time of demand
40
What disorders are caused by cortisol excess 2 What are the symptoms
Cushings disease- caused by increased ACTH secretion due to tumour in anterior pituitary Cushings syndrome- excess cortisol due to endogenous or exogenous source Weight gain (moon face/buffalo hump), hypertension, cardiac disease, secondary diabetes, easily bruising skin, hirsutism, frontal baldness, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, reduced libido, depression
41
What relevancy does hyperadrenocorticism have in the dental setting
Patients with hyperadrenocorticism are predisposed to opportunistic infections after extraction or candidiasis. They have reduced wound healing
42
Wha is the main mineralocorticoid hormone What does it do 3
Aldosterone Regulates sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys to sustain ECF volume Promotes sodium reabsorption in distal renal tubes Stimulates potassium excretion into lumen of distal renal tubules
43
How is aldosterone regulated
Aldosterone secretion stimulated by angiotensin 2 in the renin angiotensin system Aldosterone release inhibited by arterial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secreted by atrial myocytes in response to volume expansion
44
What disorder is caused by excess aldosterone
Conns syndrome- caused by adrenal adenoma (tumour)
45
Why may a patient be taking hydrocortisone What would you prescribe Hydrocortisone for
Eczma, asthma, anaphylaxis Hydrocortisone cream - angular cheilitis Hydrocortisone oromucosal tablets- used to treat mucosal ulceration and inflammation
46
What would you prescribe betamethozone for
Betamethasone tablets- dissolved and used as mouthwash for extensive inflammation or ulceration
47
Why might a patient be taking beclometasone Why might you prescribe beclometasone
Asthma Beclometasone inhaler (clenil modulite)- sprayed onto tongue lesions

Dentistry Year 2 Term 1 (6 decks)

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