Dante Sci 10 Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
What are properties in chemistry?
A
Characteristics of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance itself.
2
Q
What are the two types of properties in chemistry?
A
- Physical properties
- Chemical properties
3
Q
Define physical properties.
A
Characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the substance’s identity.
4
Q
Define chemical properties.
A
Describes how a substance reacts with other substances to form new ones.
5
Q
List four examples of physical properties.
A
- Color
- Density
- Melting Point
- Boiling Point
6
Q
List four examples of chemical properties.
A
- Flammability
- Reactivity with Acid
- Oxidation (Rusting)
- Toxicity
7
Q
What is a physical change?
A
A transformation that alters the form or appearance of a substance without changing its identity.
8
Q
What is a chemical change?
A
A transformation that results in the formation of a new substance with different properties.
9
Q
What is one piece of evidence that a chemical change has occurred?
A
Color Change
10
Q
What does a Bohr-Rutherford diagram represent?
A
The structure of an atom, showing protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons in energy levels.
11
Q
How do you determine the number of protons in an element?
A
By finding the atomic number on the Periodic Table.
12
Q
What is the maximum number of electrons the first shell can hold?
A
2 electrons
13
Q
What is the maximum number of electrons the second shell can hold?
A
8 electrons
14
Q
What is the maximum number of electrons the third shell can hold?
A
18 electrons
15
Q
What is the maximum number of electrons the fourth shell can hold?
A
32 electrons
16
Q
What are the two main types of subatomic particles in an atom’s nucleus?
A
- Protons
- Neutrons
17
Q
What is the charge of an electron?
A
Negative charge
18
Q
What is an ion?
A
An atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in a charged species.
19
Q
What is a cation?
A
A positively charged ion formed when an atom loses electrons.
20
Q
What is an anion?
A
A negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains electrons.
21
Q
How do you name a cation?
A
Use the element’s name.
22
Q
How do you name an anion?
A
Take the element’s name and add -ide.
23
Q
What suffix is used for polyatomic ions?
A
Their specific names are used (e.g., SO₄²⁻ = Sulfate).
24
Q
What is the general rule for naming ionic compounds?
A
Name the metal (cation) + name the non-metal (anion) with -ide.
25
What is the first step for writing the chemical formula of an ionic compound?
Write the symbols for the metal (cation) and the polyatomic ion.
26
What is a molecular compound?
A compound formed by the sharing of electrons between nonmetals.
27
What is the first step in naming molecular compounds?
Use the full name of the first nonmetal.
28
What does the prefix 'di-' indicate?
2 atoms of an element.
29
What are the 7 diatomic molecules?
* H₂
* N₂
* O₂
* F₂
* Cl₂
* Br₂
* I₂
30
What is the relationship between the Bohr-Rutherford diagram and the Periodic Table?
The diagram helps visualize protons, neutrons, and electron arrangement, while the table provides atomic numbers and electron configurations.
31
What is the prefix for the number 7?
7 is represented by the prefix 'hepta-'
32
What are the 7 diatomic molecules?
* Hydrogen (H₂)
* Nitrogen (N₂)
* Oxygen (O₂)
* Fluorine (F₂)
* Chlorine (Cl₂)
* Bromine (Br₂)
* Iodine (I₂)
33
What is the mnemonic used to remember the 7 diatomic molecules?
'HONClBrIF'
34
Why are certain elements diatomic?
They have unpaired electrons in their outermost shells and tend to pair up to achieve a more stable electron configuration.
35
Define a covalent bond.
A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share electrons.
36
What types of elements typically form covalent bonds?
Nonmetals
37
What are the reactants in the equation 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O?
H₂ (hydrogen) and O₂ (oxygen)
38
What does the Law of Conservation of Mass state?
Mass cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction; the total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products.
39
What is the first step in balancing a chemical equation?
Count the atoms on both sides.
40
What is a synthesis reaction?
A reaction where two or more reactants combine to form a single product.
41
What is the general formula for a synthesis reaction?
A + B → AB
42
What occurs in a decomposition reaction?
One compound breaks down into two or more simpler products.
43
What is the formula for a single displacement reaction?
AB + C → AC + B
44
What is the formula for a double displacement reaction?
AB + CD → AD + BC
45
What is produced in the complete combustion of propane (C₃H₈)?
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O)
46
What does the pH scale measure?
The acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
47
What indicates a solution is acidic on the pH scale?
A pH less than 7
48
What ion is released by acids when dissolved in water?
Hydrogen ions (H⁺)
49
What polyatomic ion makes bases basic?
Hydroxide (OH⁻)
50
What is the first step in naming binary acids?
Write 'hydro-' before the nonmetal name.
51
What is the pH range for basic (alkaline) solutions?
pH 8-14
52
What are organelles?
Small structures inside a cell that perform specific functions.
53
What are the main differences between plant and animal cells?
* Plant cells have a cell wall
* Plant cells have chloroplasts
* Plant cells have a large central vacuole
* Animal cells have centrioles and lysosomes
54
What is the acronym for the stages of mitosis?
IPMAT (Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)
55
What does the G1 checkpoint ensure?
The cell is ready to divide, checking for proper size, nutrients, and DNA damage.
56
What happens when cell division goes wrong?
Cancer can occur due to uncontrolled cell division from mutations.
57
What are the four main types of tissue in animals?
* Epithelial
* Connective
* Nervous
* Muscle
58
What are embryonic stem cells?
Stem cells found in early embryos.
59
What is Biophotonics?
Using light (laser or imaging) for cancer detection or treatment.
60
What are the four types of tissue in animals?
* Epithelial: Covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands.
* Connective: Supports and connects other tissues (includes ligaments, tendons, and bone).
* Nervous: Transmits electrical signals for communication in the body.
* Muscle: Enables movement (includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle).
61
Define embryonic stem cells.
Found in early embryos, these cells can develop into any type of cell in the body (pluripotent).
62
What are adult stem cells?
Found in specific tissues (like bone marrow), these cells can only develop into a limited range of cell types related to that tissue (multipotent).
63
What is the function of the mouth in the digestive system?
Breaks down food mechanically through chewing and mixes with saliva for easier digestion.
64
What function does the esophagus serve?
Transports food from the mouth to the stomach through muscular contractions (peristalsis).
65
What is the role of the stomach in digestion?
Digests food chemically with stomach acids and enzymes; churns food into a semi-liquid form.
66
What is the function of the small intestine?
Absorbs nutrients from digested food into the bloodstream.
67
What is the role of the large intestine?
Absorbs water and salts; forms and stores feces.
68
What does the pancreas do?
Produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.
69
What is the function of the liver?
Produces bile for fat digestion and detoxifies harmful substances.
70
What is the role of the gallbladder?
Stores and releases bile into the small intestine to aid in fat digestion.
71
What are the three main functions of the circulatory system?
* Transport: Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
* Protection: Defends the body against infections through white blood cells and clotting factors.
* Regulation: Helps maintain body temperature and fluid balance.
72
What is the function of arteries?
Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body.
73
Describe the structure of capillaries.
Thin, one-cell thick walls for easy exchange.
74
What do veins do?
Carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.
75
Outline the blood flow from the heart to the lungs.
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, moves to the right ventricle, pumped to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
76
What happens in the lungs during blood flow?
Blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.
77
How does oxygenated blood return to the heart?
Returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins.
78
What is the function of alveoli in the respiratory system?
Gas exchange: Oxygen diffuses into the blood, carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli.
79
What are the three main roles of the musculoskeletal system?
* Support: Provides structure and supports the body’s weight.
* Movement: Allows movement by working with muscles to move bones at joints.
* Protection: Protects vital organs, like the brain (skull), heart, and lungs (rib cage).
80
What is the connection between the nervous system and the musculoskeletal system?
The nervous system sends signals to muscles, instructing them to contract, while the musculoskeletal system provides support for movement.
81
What is light?
A form of electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye.
82
What is radiation?
The transfer of heat through waves and doesn't need a medium.
83
How does convection differ from conduction?
Convection transfers heat through a fluid, while conduction transfers heat through direct contact.
84
List the types of electromagnetic waves from longest to shortest wavelength.
* Radio Waves
* Microwaves
* Infrared Light
* Visible Light
* Ultraviolet (UV) Light
* X-rays
* Gamma Rays
85
What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
The range of all types of light waves, from the longest to the shortest.
86
Define a ray of light.
A straight line that shows the direction in which light is traveling.
87
What is an incident ray?
The light ray that hits a surface.
88
What is a virtual image?
An image that appears to be behind a mirror, but light does not actually come from that point.
89
What does SALT stand for in image properties?
* S: Size
* A: Attitude
* L: Location
* T: Type
90
What is specular reflection?
Reflection off a smooth, shiny surface, creating a clear image.
91
What is diffuse reflection?
Reflection off a rough surface, scattering light in many directions.
92
Describe a concave mirror.
A mirror that curves inward, causing light rays to converge.
93
What happens when an object is between C and F in a concave mirror?
The image is larger, inverted, and real.
94
What is the principal axis in a concave mirror?
The imaginary line that runs through the center of curvature and the vertex of the mirror.
95
How do you locate an image in a concave mirror using light rays?
Use four rays: parallel ray reflects through F, focal ray reflects parallel to the axis, center of curvature ray reflects back, vertex ray reflects at the same angle.
96
What does S in the S.A.L.T. method stand for?
Size: The image is smaller than the object.
97
What does A in the S.A.L.T. method stand for?
Attitude: The image is inverted.
98
What does L in the S.A.L.T. method stand for?
Location: The image is between F and C.
99
What does T in the S.A.L.T. method stand for?
Type: The image is real.
100
What is the image characteristics when the object is between C and F?
Larger, Inverted, Real
101
What is the image characteristics when the object is at C?
Same size, Inverted, Real
102
What is the image characteristics when the object is outside C?
Smaller, Inverted, Real
103
What is the image characteristics when the object is at F?
Infinitely large, Inverted, Real
104
What is the image characteristics when the object is inside F?
Larger, Upright, Virtual
105
True or False: A real image can be projected onto a screen.
True
106
What is a diverging mirror?
A mirror that curves outward, causing light rays to spread apart.
107
What are the characteristics of the image formed by a diverging mirror?
Upright, Smaller, Virtual
108
Fill in the blank: Light bends _______ when it slows down.
toward the normal
109
Fill in the blank: Light bends _______ when it speeds up.
away from the normal
110
What two conditions must be met for total internal reflection to occur?
* Light must travel from a denser medium to a less dense medium
* The angle of incidence must be large enough that the angle of refraction reaches 90°
111
What is the critical angle?
The minimum angle of incidence at which light will undergo total internal reflection.
112
What are four applications of total internal reflection?
* Optical Fibers
* Mirage
* Periscopes
* Binoculars
113
What is dispersion?
The splitting of light into its different colors caused by different colors bending by different amounts.
114
What is a converging lens?
A lens that can make both real and virtual images, depending on the object's position.
115
What is a diverging lens?
A lens that always makes a virtual, upright, and smaller image.
116
What parts of the human eye help focus light?
* Cornea
* Lens
117
What part of the eye detects light and sends signals to the brain?
Retina
118
What is hyperopia?
Farsightedness: can see distant objects clearly, but near objects are blurry.
119
What is myopia?
Nearsightedness: can see near objects clearly, but distant objects are blurry.
120
What is presbyopia?
Age-related farsightedness: difficulty focusing on close objects due to a less flexible lens.
121
What is the purpose of convex lenses?
Used to help focus light properly on the retina in cases of hyperopia.
122
What is the purpose of concave lenses?
Used to spread light rays and focus the image correctly on the retina in cases of myopia.
123
What are some examples of how lenses are used in society?
* Glasses and Contact Lenses
* Cameras
* Microscopes and Telescopes
* Eyeglasses for Reading
124
Are lenses a good or bad thing?
Lenses are a good thing because they help improve vision and support learning and exploration.
