Darwin's view Flashcards
(26 cards)
What is Lamarks hypothesis of Use and Disuse?
Traits used more often strengthen , those that are not you will lose.
Lamarks Inheritance of acquired characteristics hypothesis?
That physiological changes acquired over time of the organisms may be passed on to their offspring.
What is natural selection?
Those organisms which are best suited to their environment will have the greatest chance of success ; reproduction of different genotype due to environment factors.
What are some stages of natural selection?
Overproduction, variation, limiting resources , competition , survival of the fittest, reproduction, speciation/extinction.
What is adaption?
any alteration to an organism, preferably for competitive advantage.
What is acclimation?
non-genetic adjustment to appearance/behavior.
What are the three conditions of natural selection?
–populational variation
–variation must lead to differences among individuals in reproductive success
–variation is genetically transmitted to next generation
What is the industrial melanism phenomenon?
is a phenomenon in which darker individuals come to predominate over lighter ones
What is artificial selection?
humans select which genotypes reproduce, may lead to evolution
What is a fossil? And what are the events for rock fossilization?
any preserved remnants or remains of an organism that once existed.
–organism buried in sediment
–calcium in material must mineralize
–surrounding sediment hardens
What is relative dating?
Fossil age estimated due to its position in sediment strata.
What is absolute dating?
fossil age estimated by radioactive decay rates of known isotopes (C14, K40, U238)
What is half-life?
rate of decay; time required for ½ of a radioactive mass to degrade
What is transitional fossil?
Any fossilized remains of a life that exhibits traits common to both an ancestral group and it’s derived descendant group. Like the archaeopteryx . Ancestor of theropod dinosaur and closely related to birds.
What is gradualism?
Change is slow, prodding, occurs in small steps. Ex: four legged aquatic mammals. Link between whales/ dolphins from land dwelling, hoofed ancestors.
Fossil of a legged snake. Took awhile to lose the legs. Gradualism.
What is punctured equilibrium ?
Limited change for a long period of time them dramatic change. Example: horses.
What is homology?
–structures with different appearances and functions that all derived from the same body part in a common ancestor
–same structure, different function
What is development in evolution?
–different organisms exhibit similar embryological forms
–Strongest anatomical evidence supporting evolution comes from comparisons of how organisms develop
–Early vertebrate embryos possess pharyngeal pouches that develop into:
glands and ducts in humans
gill slits in fish
What is imperfect structures in evolution?
–Some organisms do not appear perfectly adapted to their environment. Vertebrae number in long necks vgeese (25) vplesiosaurs (76) vgiraffe (7)
What are vestigial structures?
organs with no apparent modern function, but resemble ancestral structures.
Ex: pelvic bone in a whale.
-point to common ancestor.
What is Analogous?
Traits found between two different species such as wings in birds and insects that have same function but derived from environment in different species and have different forms.
- does not have common ancestor.
What is biography?
the study of the geographic distribution of species.
-Some plants and animals have similar appearance or function but are distantly related
What is divergent evolution ?
selection that favors changes making two or more groups less similar.
–exposure to different selective pressures
–two species with same ancestor but evolve differently
What is convergent evolution ?
selection that favors changes making two or more groups MORE similar.
–similar solutions to similar problems
–independent development of similar structures in organisms not directly related
