Dasgupta - Oxygen And CO2 Transport By Blood

Question 1

Henry’s law states that:

Answer 1

The amount of gas dissolved in fluids depends on their solubility coeeficients and partial pressures

Question 2

Gases disolve in fluids by moving down a ________ gradient

Answer 2

Partial pressure

Question 3

Partial pressure of oxygen is due to ________ oxygen

Answer 3

Dissolved

NOT oxygen bound to hemoglobin

Question 4

The total amount of O2 in the blood.

Dissolved O2 and chemically bound O2 to Hb

Answer 4

O2 content

Question 5

1gm of Hb binds to _____mL Oxygen

Answer 5

1.34

Question 6

What are two mechanisms in which carbon monoxide poisoning can kill you?

Answer 6

Reduce O2 transport by occupying O2 bindings sites on Hb

Raises the affinity of the remaining O2 bing sites for O2, making unloading of O2 more difficults

Question 7

Most common signs/symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning

Answer 7

Headache
Dizziness
Confusion

Question 8

How many parts per million in blood of CO are toxic __? Potentially deadly ___?

Answer 8

70

150

Question 9

In pulse oximetry, ________ Hm highly reflects red light (650nm) and poorly reflects infra-red (900nm)

Answer 9

Oxygenated

Question 10

In Pulse Oximetry, ________ Hb poorly reflects red light (650nm) and highly reflects infra-red (900nm)

Answer 10

Deoxygenated

Question 11

How does pulse oximetry work?

Answer 11

Red light and infra-red light are both reflected differently by oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. The pulse ox shines these into structure (finger/earlobe) and measures the ratio of reflections of the two wavelengths. Giving a % saturation of hemoglobin

Question 12

Will a pulse oximeter tell you what Hb is saturated with (O2 or CO) or how much hemoglobin there is ?

Answer 12

No

Will be normal in CO poisoning and anemia

Question 13

Condition that occurs when the lungs cannot remove all of the carbon dioxide the body produces

Answer 13

Respiratory acidosis

Question 14

Signs and symptoms associated with respiratory acidosis

Answer 14

Confusion, fatigue, shortness of breath, sleepiness, lethargy

Question 15

Condition in which the CO2 is removed too rapidly from the lungs (hyperventilation)

Answer 15

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 16

Common signs and symptoms for respiratory alkalosis

Answer 16

Dizziness, light-headedness, numbness in hands and feet.

Rare cases: seizures

Question 17

P50 -

Answer 17

The partial pressure of oxygen when Hb is 50% saturated

Question 18

In chronic anemia, p50 shifts _

Answer 18

Right

Due to increase in DPG levels

Question 19

Persistent hypoxia results in ________ in 2,3 DPG

Answer 19

Increases

Question 20

Increases in 2,3 DPG ______ Hb affinity

Answer 20

Lowers

Question 21

At high altitude, DPG production is __________

Answer 21

Accelerated

Allows for increase in Hb’s release of O2 that counterbalances the lower [O2] of mountain air

Question 22

Persistent elevation of PO2 results in ______ of DPG levels

Answer 22

Lowering

Question 23

Fetal hemoglobin’s affinity for O2 is ________ than that of adult hemoglobin

Answer 23

Substantially greater

Question 24

The p50 value for fetal hemoglobin is about ____

Answer 24

19mmHg

Adult is. Roughly 27

Question 25

Part of the reason for fetal hemoglobin’s increase affinity for oxygen is because it is unable to interact with ____

Answer 25

2,3 DPG

Question 26

Adaptation to chronic hypoxemia Generation of new RBC’s Takes about 2-3 weeks Increased hematocrit and additional O2 carrying capacity of blood (Also increased blood volume and increased viscosity of blood that creates and additional workload on heart :(

Answer 26

Polycythemia

Question 27

Three forms of CO2 transport in blood

Answer 27

Dissolved in plasma As bicarbonate (HCO3-) Bound to hemoglobin

Question 28

Major form for CO2 transport in blood?

Answer 28

Bicarbonate

Question 29

In RBC’s H2O + CO2 —> bicarbonate is catalyzed by ?

Answer 29

Carbonic anhydrase

Question 30

Hemoglobin’s affinity for CO2 increases in situations with _____

Answer 30

Low oxygen

Question 31

The relationship between pCO2 and the CO2 content (Vol %) of blood is ____

Answer 31

Linear

Question 32

Non-respiratory functions of the lung

Answer 32

Defense mechanism Air-conditioning Olfaction Filtration and removal of particles Blood filter Blood reservoir Metabolism of circulating substances

Question 33

The major players in the defense functions of the lungs are ____________ , which engulf bacteria and foreign particles

Answer 33

Alveolar macrophages

Question 34

In defense mechanism of lungs, alpha-1 anti-trypsin is a _________

Answer 34

Bacteriostatic agent

Question 35

All players in the defense mechanisms of the lungs

Answer 35

Alpha-1 anti trypsin Interferons Alveolar macrophages Lymphocytes

Question 36

Vibrissae

Answer 36

Nasal hairs First site of filtration of air in the nose Removes particles greater than 10 or 15 micron in diameter

Question 37

Key mechanism to remove foreign particles, bacteria, and dead cells. The continuous upward movement of the cilia which continually moves mucous up the airway. Impaired by cig smoking

Answer 37

Mucociliatory escalator

Question 38

Scarring of the airways as a result of recurrent lung infection and inflammation. Cannot clear mucous.

Answer 38

Bronchiectasis

Question 39

The blood vessels of the lung accomodate about _______ mL of blood in an adult male

Answer 39

500

Question 40

What happens to many vasoactive substances when they reach the lung?

Answer 40

The endothelial cells that line pulmonary vessels are involved in the uptake or conversion of several vasoactive substances

Question 41

Prostaglandins E1, E2, F2-alpha are _______ in a single pass through the lungs

Answer 41

Completely removed