dat/acc (final) Flashcards
Dative Indirect Object
- the person or thing to which is given (or which receives) the direct object (of a transitive verb) (or [receives the] subject of a passive verb) (Wallace 141).
- The key is: (1) the verb must be transitive; and (2) if the dative can be translated with to or for it is most likely indirect object (Wallace 141).
EXAMPLE
- John 4:10: “καὶ ἔδωκεν ἄν σοι ὕδωρ ζῶν”; “and he would have given to you living water”
Dative of Interest
- “supply ‘for the benefit of’ or ‘in the interest of’ for the dative of advantage, and ‘for/unto the detriment of’, ‘to the disadvantage of’ or ‘against’ for the dative of disadvantage” (Wallace 142).
EXAMPLE
- Matt 23:31: “μαρτυρεῖτε ἑαυτοῖς”; “You testify against yourselves” (Wallace 143).
Dative of Reference/Respect
- “An author will use this dative to qualify a statement that would otherwise typically not be true… Instead of the word ‘to’, supply the phrase ‘with reference to’ before the dative. (Other glosses are concerning, about, in regard to, etc.)” (Wallace 144-145).
EXAMPLE
- Rom 6:2: “οἵτινες ἀπεθάνομεν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ, πῶς ἔτι ζήσομεν ἐν αὐτῇ”; “How shall we who died [with reference] to sin still live in it?” (Wallace 145).
Dative in Simple Apposition
- two adjacent substantives that refer to the same person or thing and have the same syntactical relation to the rest of the clause (Wallace 152).
EXAMPLE
- Matt 27:2: “παρέδωκαν Πιλάτῳ τῷ ἡγεμόνι”; “they handed [him] over to Pilate, the governor”
Dative of Sphere
- “Before the noun in the dative supply the words ‘in the sphere of’ or ‘in the realm of’” (Wallace 154).
- “it is safe to say that the dative of reference views the word to which the dative stands related as detached or separated somehow from the dative, while the dative of sphere views the word to which the dative stands related as incorporated within the realm of the dative” (Wallace 154).
EXAMPLE
- 1 Pet 3:18: “Χριστὸς ἅπαξ περὶ ἁμαρτιῶν ἔπαθεν, δίκαιος ὑπὲρ ἀδίκων, … θανατωθεὶς μὲν σαρκί”; “Christ suffered once for all for sins, the just for the unjust, having been put to death in the flesh” (Wallace 155).
Dative of Time (when)
- The noun in the dative indicates the time when the action of the main verb is accomplished. The dative routinely denotes point of time, answering the question, “When?” (Wallace 155)
EXAMPLE
- Matt 17:23: “τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ ἐγερθήσεται”; “[at a point in time] on the third day he will be raised.”
Dative of Association
- Before the noun in the dative supply the phrase in association with (Wallace 159).
- 2 Cor 6:14: “μὴ γίνεσθε ἑτεροζυγοῦντες ἀπίστοις”; “do not become unequally yoked [in association] with unbelievers” (Wallace 160).
Dative of Mean/Instrument
- Before the noun in the dative, supply the words by means of, or simply with (Wallace 162).
- impersonal (therefore, not agency)
EXAMPLE
- Matt 8:16: “ἐξέβαλεν τὰ πνεύματα λόγῷ”; “he cast out the spirits by [means of] a word”
Dative of Agency
- “(a) Lexical: the dative must be personal. (b) Contextual: the person specified by the dative noun is portrayed as exercising volition. (c) Grammatical: the only clear texts involve a perfect passive verb, as in the classical idiom. (d) Linguistic: a good rule of thumb for distinguishing between agent and means is simply this: the agent of a passive verb can become the subject of an active verb, while the means normally cannot” (Wallace 164).
EXAMPLE
- Lk 23:15: “οὐδὲν ἄξιον θανάτου ἐστὶν πεπραγμένον αὐτῷ”; “nothing worthy of death had been done by him”
- notice: passive verb
Dative of Cause
- “insert the phrase ‘because of’ or ‘on the basis of’” (Wallace 167).
- “The dative of means indicates the how; the dative of cause indicates the why; the dative of means indicates the method; the dative of cause indicates the basis” (Wallace 167).
EXAMPLE
- Rom 4:20: “οὐ διεκρίθη τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ”; “he did not waver because of unbelief.”
Dative of Content
- “The dative is a quantitative word related to a verb of filling. Indeed, the key differences between content and material are that (1) material will involve a quantitative word, while content may be qualitative (or even abstract); (2) content is specifically related to a verb of filling” (Wallace 170).
EXAMPLE
- 2 Cor 7:4: “πεπλήρωμαι τῇ παρακλήσει”; “I am filled with comfort”
Dative Direct Object
- dative direct objects are usually related to verbs implying personal relation (Wallace 172).
EXAMPLE
-Matt 4:9: “ταῦτά σοι πάντα δώσω, ἐὰν πεσὼν προσκυνήσῃς μοι”; “I will give you all these things if you fall down and worship me” (Wallace 173).
Dative After Certain Prepositions
- although the naked dative as well as ἐν + the dative can express sphere, the frequency of such usage is much higher with ἐν + the dative (Wallace 175).
Accusative Direct Object
- when one sees an accusative substantive, he/she normally should think of it as the direct object; conversely, when one anticipates the direct object, the case expected is usually the accusative (Wallace 179).
EXAMPLE
- Mk 2:17: “οὐκ ἦλθον καλέσαι δικαίους ἀλλὰ ἁμαρτωλούς”; “I did not come to call the righteous but sinners””
Double Accusative (Person-Thing)
- “Another way to put this is that the person is the object affected, while the thing is the object effected… In most instances the person receives the thing, just as a dative indirect object receives a direct object” (Wallace 181).
EXAMPLE
- Jn 14:26: “ἐκεῖνος ὑμᾶς διδάξει πάντα”; “he will teach you[person] all things[thing]” (Wallace 182).
