DAT BIOLOGY CELLS AND ORGANELLES

Question 1

what is the job of the Nucleus ?

Answer 1

Holds Cell DNA ; coordinated cells activites such as protein synthesis and reproduction

Question 1

What are organelles ?

Answer 1

they are specialized structures found in a living cell

Question 2

do prokaryotes have nucleus and if not where is there dna then ?

Answer 2

no ; there dna is in a region called nucleoid

Question 3

where is the site of ribosomal synthesis ( rRNA)

Answer 3

nucleolus

Question 4

Fluid filled area that is involved in the cells metabolic activities ?

Answer 4

Cytoplasm

Question 5

Mitochondria Job ?

Answer 5

Double layered , Makes ATP site of fatty acid catabolism . Has Own Circular DNA and Ribosomes ( maternal )

Question 6

Ribosomes

Answer 6

made up of rRNA ; help make proteins

Question 7

Rough E.R ?

Answer 7

has ribosomes attached to the structure , functions to synthesise and store proteins

Question 8

Smooth E.R

Answer 8

functions to synthesis lipids and steroid hormones for EXPORT

Question 9

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 9

Modifies and packages protiens ( glycosylate protein)

Question 10

Lysosomes

Answer 10

created in the golgi ; functions in apoptosis and break down nutrients , bacteria , and cell debris ( CLEANER)

Question 11

common in the liver and kidney that function to breakdown substances

Answer 11

Peroxisomes

Question 12

What helps the cell maintain cell shape and movement

Answer 12

CYTOSKELETON

Question 13

what is the cytoskeleton made up of ? size large to small

Answer 13

Microtubules > Intermediate Fillaments > Microfillaments

Question 14

this is composed of tubulin and helps support cells and motility through cillia , flagella , and centrioles ?

Answer 14

Microtubules

Question 15

this simply helps maintain cell shape

Answer 15

Intermediate Microfilaments

Question 16

Composed of Actin and used for cell Motility

Answer 16

Microfilaments

Question 17

Vesicles in cell that help us move materials and are MEMBRANE bounded

Answer 17

VACUOLES

Question 18

Functions to provide mechanical Support and helps bind adjacent cells ( most abundant = collagen )

Answer 18

ECM ( EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

Question 19

What makes Plant cells unique ?

Answer 19

they have a cell wall
plastids ( chloroplast)

Question 20

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes ?

Answer 20

Prokaryotes
- lack nucleus
- single circular DNA
- Ribosomal unit = 50s+30s
- cell walls contain peptidoglycan
- archae = polysaccharides
- flagella are made of flagellin not microtubules

euk = we have nucleus ; 60s+40s
no cell wall

Question 21

Phospholipid Membrane allows what in ; without aid of membrane proteins
do it in order of most permeable to least ?

Answer 21

small non-polar > small uncharged polar >
IF POLAR /LARGE/CHARGE = NEEDS A transporter ( protein aid hehehehe)

Question 22

Cholesterol

Answer 22

helps with membrane fluidity

Question 23

allows water in kidneys; known as a channel protein

Answer 23

aquaporins

Question 24

what passage do molecules that are polar ( hydrophilic) and charged go through :) ?

Answer 24

channel proteins

Question 25

example of channel proteins ?

Answer 25

ion channles , porins , aquaporins

Question 26

this passway changes shape after binding to a specific molecule that enables it to be passed across

Answer 26

CARRIER PROTEINS

Question 27

Proteins that can use ATP to transport material across the membrane ( ACTIVE TRANSPORT ) ( FACILLITATED DIFFUSION)

Answer 27

TRANSPORT PROTEINS ( HEMOGLOBIN)

Question 28

moves from high to low concentration of solute ( stuff) DOWN GRADIENT

Answer 28

Passive Transport - simple diffusion - osmosis ( water) -dialysis -plasmolysis -countercurrent exchange

Question 29

uses atp to get it against gradient

Answer 29

active transport ( primary ( uses atp directly ) secondary ( uses gradient of other rxn to feed this rxn)

Question 30

What is endocytosis ?

Answer 30

when cellular substances are brought into the cells

Question 31

What are the methods that promote endocytosis ?

Answer 31

Phagocytosis : circle around un-dissolved material ( solids) Pinocytosis : plama membrane invaginated around a dissolved material ( cellular drinking) Receptor Mediated Endocytosis : form of pinocytosis ; ligand binds to receptors

Question 32

Hypertonic

Answer 32

Cell swells

Question 33

Isotonic

Answer 33

balanced

Question 34

Hypotonic

Answer 34

shrinkage = plasmolysis

Question 35

What are the three type of junctions ?

Answer 35

1. Anchoring Junction 2. Tight Junction 3. Gap Junctions

Question 36

Anchoring Junction

Answer 36

includes desmosomes , connects 2 cells together

Question 37

Tight Junction

Answer 37

encircle the cell , producing a seal that prevents passage of materials between cells ( DI TRACT)

Question 38

Gap Junction

Answer 38

Narrow tunnels ( Connexons) between animal cells , allows passage of ions and small molecules