DAT Prep Ch. 1 Biology

Question 1

What is matter?

Answer 1

Anything that takes up space and has mass.

Question 2

What is an element?

Answer 2

A pure substance that has specific physical/chemical properties and can’t be broken down into a simpler substance.

Question 3

What is an atom?

Answer 3

The smallest unit of matter that still retains the chemical properties of the element.

Question 4

What is a molecule?

Answer 4

Two or more atoms joined together.

Question 5

What are intramolecular forces?

Answer 5

Attractive forces that act on atoms within a molecule.

Question 6

What are intermolecular forces?

Answer 6

Forces that exist between molecules and affect physical properties of the substance.

Question 7

What are monomers?

Answer 7

Single molecules that can polymerize, or bond with one another.

Question 8

What are polymers?

Answer 8

Substances made up of many monomers joined together in chains.

Question 9

What is a dehydration (condensation) reaction?

Answer 9

Creates a covalent bond between monomers and releases water.

Question 10

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 10

A reaction that breaks a covalent bond using water.

Question 11

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 11

Used as fuel and structural support, containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (CHO).

Question 12

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 12

Carbohydrate monomers.

Question 13

What is ribose?

Answer 13

A five carbon monosaccharide.

Question 14

What is fructose?

Answer 14

A six carbon monosaccharide.

Question 15

What is glucose?

Answer 15

A six carbon monosaccharide.

Question 16

What are disaccharides?

Answer 16

Consist of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond.

Question 17

What are common examples of disaccharides?

Answer 17

Sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

Question 18

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 18

Contain multiple monosaccharides connected by glycosidic bonds to form long polymers.

Question 19

What is starch?

Answer 19

Form of energy storage for plants.

Question 20

What is glycogen?

Answer 20

Form of energy storage in animals.

Question 21

What do proteins contain?

Answer 21

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms (CHON).

Question 22

What are amino acids?

Answer 22

The monomers of proteins.

Question 23

What is the structure of an amino acid?

Answer 23

Contains an amino group, carboxyl group, and an R-group side chain.

Question 24

What are polypeptides?

Answer 24

Polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.

Question 25

What is the primary structure of proteins?

Answer 25

Sequence of amino acids connected through peptide bonds.

Question 26

What is the secondary structure of proteins?

Answer 26

Intermolecular forces between the polypeptide backbone due to hydrogen bonding, forming α-helices or β-pleated sheets.

Question 27

What is the tertiary structure of proteins?

Answer 27

Three-dimensional structure due to interactions between R-groups.

Question 28

What is the quaternary structure of proteins?

Answer 28

Multiple polypeptide chains come together to form one protein.

Question 29

What is protein denaturation?

Answer 29

Loss of protein function and higher order structures, affecting all but the primary structure.

Question 30

What are the functions of proteins?

Answer 30

Storage, hormones, receptors, structure, immunity, and enzymes.

Question 31

What do catalysts do?

Answer 31

Increase reaction rates by lowering the activation energy of a reaction.

Question 32

What is the induced fit theory?

Answer 32

Describes how the active site molds itself to fit the substrate when it binds.

Question 33

What is a ribozyme?

Answer 33

An RNA molecule that can act as an enzyme.

Question 34

What is a cofactor?

Answer 34

A non-protein molecule that helps enzymes perform reactions.

Question 35

What are lipids?

Answer 35

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (CHO) with long hydrocarbon tails.

Question 36

What is a triacylglycerol?

Answer 36

A lipid molecule with a glycerol backbone and three fatty acids.

Question 37

What are saturated fatty acids?

Answer 37

Fatty acids with no double bonds that pack tightly.

Question 38

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 38

Fatty acids with double bonds that prevent tight packing.

Question 39

What are phospholipids?

Answer 39

Lipid molecules with a glycerol backbone, one phosphate group, and two fatty acid tails.

Question 40

What is cholesterol?

Answer 40

An amphipathic lipid molecule that is a component of cell membranes.

Question 41

What are lipoproteins?

Answer 41

Allow the transport of lipid molecules in the bloodstream.

Question 42

What are glycolipids?

Answer 42

Lipids found in the cell membrane with a carbohydrate group attached.

Question 43

What are nucleic acids?

Answer 43

Contain nucleotide monomers that build into DNA and RNA polymers.

Question 44

What are nucleotides?

Answer 44

Contain a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.

Question 45

What are phosphodiester bonds?

Answer 45

Formed through a condensation reaction between nucleotides.

Question 46

What is DNA?

Answer 46

An antiparallel double helix composed of two complementary strands.

Question 47

What is mRNA?

Answer 47

Single-stranded RNA copied from DNA during transcription.

Question 48

What is miRNA?

Answer 48

Small RNA molecules that can silence gene expression.

Question 49

What is rRNA?

Answer 49

Helps ribosomes translate mRNA.

Question 50

What is tRNA?

Answer 50

Small RNA molecule that participates in protein synthesis.