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Data Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two categories of data?

A

Quantitative & Non-quantitative data

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2
Q

What are 2 types of Quantitative data?

A

Interval & Ratio

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3
Q

What are 3 types of non-quantitative data?

A

Nominal, Categorical, Ordinal

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4
Q

What is nominal data?

A

Data that uniquely identifies objects
Ex. County name, Tax ID parcel

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5
Q

What is categorical data?

A

Distinct groups of features.
ex. Volcano type, highway class, rock type

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6
Q

How is categorical data portrayed?

A

With a unique values map

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7
Q

How is nominal data portrayed?

A

With a single symbol map

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8
Q

What is ordinal data?

A

Data is ranked along an arbitrary scale. is non-quantitative, categorical data. (Snail habitat suitability 0-4)

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9
Q

How is ordinal data displayed?

A

With a unique values map with different shades of a single color

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10
Q

What is Interval data?

A

Data with values along a regular numeric scale (ex. temperature)

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11
Q

What is Ratio data?

A

Data with values on a regular numeric scale that doesn’t go below 0. (ex. Population)

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12
Q

What is a choropleth map?

A

Use change in saturation or value
to indicate larger quantities

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13
Q

What is a classed map?

A

Features are placed into ranges and vary color or symbol size to convey
information

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14
Q

What is an unclassed map?

A

Unclassed maps avoid potentially artificial and subjective data groupings

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15
Q

Describe the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem

A

Arbitrary aggregation units like states or counties may influence values. For example, there are more farm in Texas compared to Vermont, due to the size difference, even if the amount of farms per square mile is equal.

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16
Q

Give an example of the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem and how to solve it.

A

Lets say we want to map which states have the most cattle.

Texas has the most because of how much land is in texas.

We can solve this by mapping cattle per capita or cattle per square mile

in which case oklahoma or south dakota win.

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17
Q

What is a bivariate map?

A

Use to portray and compare two different fields, through the use of 2 different hues and their shades.

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18
Q

What is an Image raster?

A

Image rasters contain satellite or air photo data and generally represent
brightness or color

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19
Q

What is an Indexed color raster

A

stores a single band of integers. each value is associated with a specific RGB color combination.

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20
Q

Jenks Natural Breaks classification

A

Exploits natural gaps in the data
* Good for unevenly distributed
or skewed data
* Default method

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21
Q

Defined interval or equal interval classification

A

Methods for producing equal sized
classes by assigning the range of the classes & number of classes that data is divided into

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22
Q

What are 2 Statistical classifications

A

Quantile & Standard Deviation

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23
Q

Quantile classification

A

The quantile classification puts the
same number of features in each class

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24
Q

Standard Deviation classification

A

The standard deviation classification
compares values close to and far from the mean

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25
Geometrical interval classification
The geometrical interval classification multiplies each class range by a constant. Good for logarithmic data.
26
What are layer files?
Layer files store the settings for the symbology for a layer. This can be applied to other data sets to transfer the same symbology to keep things consistent.
27
Vector model
Discrete data, can be represented as points, lines, or polygons. lines & polygons have vertices. ends of lines are called nodes. features can be multipart, containing several separate pieces (for example hawaii)
28
Attribute tables
Features are linked to tables that contain data (attributes) about the feature. A unique ID links the feature to its data.
29
Feature classes
a collection of similar features stored together as a data set. Must contain only one type of geometry.
30
Feature classes can be stored in what formats?
shapefiles & geodatabases
31
Explain the Spaghetti model
Each feature is stored as a separate object, unrelated to each other.
32
How are adjacent boundaries handled in the spaghetti model?
Adjacent boundaries are stored twice
33
Explain the Topological Model
Store information on how features are related spatially. It can also find errors in data.
34
Topological models can see how features are related in which specific ways?
Adjacency Overlap Connectivity Intersection (acronym AOCI like AOC)
35
What is a major "no" in naming folders?
Using spaces in the name
36
What is Extracting?
Taking a specific set of features from a larger feature class
37
What is geocoding?
displays addresses on a map by matching postal data fields to a street data set
38
When extracting, queries . . .
are used to extract data using an expression based on an attribute field
39
When extracting, a clip . . .
extracts features within a selected bounding polygon from another feature class
40
When extracting, an erase . . .
extracts the features outside of a selected bounding polygon from another feature class
41
Processing vector data involves 4 functions
Merging Appending Dissolving Generalizing
42
What is Merging?
Combines all features from two or more data sets into a single new feature class (typically used to combine adjacent feature classes)
43
What is Appending?
Combines a feature class to a target feature class that already exists using a shared field.
44
What is Generalizing?
Removes vertices from a data set to simplify it
45
What is Dissolving?
Remove boundaries of a features with the same value in the specified attribute field.
46
What is Metadata
Data about the data. Helps the user asses its purpose & quality
47
In Metadata, what are tags?
Terms used to search for the data
48
In Metadata, what is the summary?
Brief info about the purpose of the data
49
In Metadata, what is the description?
Description of the contents of the data, sources, and processing
50
In Metadata, what is the credits?
citation of the data, with creator and source info
51
In Metadata, what is the use limitation?
explains restrictions for use and distribution of the data
52
In Metadata, what is the Appropriate Scale Range
The source scale and/or scale at which the data is intended to be used at
53
In Metadata, what is the bounding box?
Coordinate extent of the data (in degrees)
54
What is a Shapefile
Vector feature classes used for ArcGIS
55
What is a Geodatabase file?
Geodatabases are the recommended model for storing information for ArcGIS
56
What is a Layer File?
A layer file references a feature class and stores info about its properties, such as how it should be displayed (symbology)
57
How is a raster model displayed?
n*m array (rows/columns) of cells/pixels that are georeferenced to real locations through xy values. all cells/pixels have the same size.
58
What is the resolution of a raster?
the size of the pixel.
59
Rasters can be stored as either
integers or floating point numbers
60
In a raster, each pixel has __ attribute(s)
One. unlike vectors which can have multiple
61
There are two types of rasters . . .
Continuous & Discrete rasters.
62
Discrete rasters store __ data
categorical
63
Continuous rasters store ____ data
continuous
64
Raster tiles
Like taking a picture of a map. the Digital Raster Graphic is created from a scanned topographic map.
65
Raster Pyramids
Different raster layers with different resolutions. So that when zoomed out, shows lower resolution, and when zoomed in, shows higher resolution display.
66
Resampling
Changing the resolution of a raster, creating a new (less detailed) copy
67
Block resampling
groups pixels and uses majority of whatever their colors were for the new pixel
68
Nearest neighbor resampling
Uses the values that was closest to the center of the new pixel
69
Bilinear resampling
calculates new value from the 4 closest pixels and averaging them.
70
Most rasters are stored in what programming language?
Binary
71
Pixel depth
refers to the number of bytes per pixel
72
Floating point values
store as 32 bit pixels. Include the "mantissa" significant figures & exponent
73
A band is a _____ and they can be layered over each other to display the image
single raster layer
74
Georeferencing a raster
Establishing a physical location for the raster
75
What are the 2 types of tables?
Attribute & Standalone
76
What kind of data do Attribute tables store?
Data associated with spatial features
77
What kind of data do Standalone tables store?
Tabular data from any source
78
Rows in an attribute table are called
records
79
Columns in an attribute table are called
fields or attributes
80
Flat file database
Stores data as rows of info. simple.
81
Hierarchical database
stores data as a series of tables that have parent-child relationships
82
Relational database
Stores data in multiple tables with relationships between them defined as needed
83
Joining Tables
records are linked through a common field. the target table receives the additional information provided from the join table
84
Cardinality
how many joins from the records match each target record
85
One-to-one cardinality
one record from the join matches one record from the target
86
Many-to-one cardinality
one record from the join table matches many records on the target table
87
One-to-many cardinality
many records in the join table match many records in the target table
88
many-to-many cardinality
many records in the join table match many records in the target table
89
Rule of Joining
each record in the target table can only match one record in the join table.
90
Which types of cardinality work or dont work?
Work: One-to-one, many-to-one Dont work: one-to-many, many-to-many
91
When there is no match for a target record in the join table, what happens?
92
6 field types for data in ArcGIS Pro?
short, long, float, double, text, date

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