Data Interpretation

Question 1

Give 2 key drugs that are either contraindicated or should be used with caution is asthmatics

Answer 1

b blockers and NSAIDS

Question 2

What type of drug is clozapine and give 3 ADRs to be aware of

Answer 2

AGRANULOCYTOSIS AND NEUTROPENIA!!!
weight gain
hyperprolactinaemia

Question 3

Give the causes of hyponatramia

Answer 3

Hypovolemic - fluid loss via D&V, addisons, diuretics

Euvolemic - SIADH, primary polydipsia, hypothyroid

Hypervolemic - HF, renal failure, liver failure

Question 4

Give the causes of hypernatraemia

Answer 4

Dehydration, drips such as too much IV saline, drugs, diabetes insipidus

Question 5

Give the main causes of microcytic anaemia

Answer 5

TAILS
thalassaemia
anaemia of chronic disease
iron deficiency
lead poisoning
sideroblastic anaemia

Question 6

Give the main causes of a normocytic anaemia

Answer 6

Causes: 3A’s and 2H’s
Acute blood loss
Anaemia of chronic disease
Aplastic anaemia

Haemolytic anemia
Hypothyroidism

also chronic renal failure !!

Question 7

Give the main causes for a macrocytic anaemia

Answer 7

Megaloblastic:
B12 deficiency
Folate deficiency

Normoblastic:
Alcohol
Reticulocytosis
Hypothyroidism
Liver disease
Drugs such as azathioprine

myeloproliferative, myelodysplastic and multiple myeloma!

Question 8

Give causes for high neutrophils (neutrophilia)

Answer 8

BACTERIAL INFECTION

tissue damage due to inflammation, infarct or malignancy
Steroid use

Question 9

Give reasons for low neutrophils (neutropenia)

Answer 9

viral infection, clozapine use, carbimazole, chemo or radiotherapy

Question 10

Give reasons for lymphocytosis

Answer 10

VIRAL INFECTION

lymphoma, CLL

Question 11

Give some causes of thrombocytosis and thrombocytopenia

Answer 11

Thrombocytosis - bleeding, tissue damage, post splenectomy, myeloproliferative disorder

Thrombocytopenia - viral illness, penicilliamine!!!, other drugs,.

Heparin, hypersplnism, DIC, ITP HUS

Question 12

Give causes of SIADH

Answer 12

Small cell lung ca
Infection
Abcess
Drugs - carbamepazine and antipsychotics
Head injury

Question 13

Give some causes of hypokalaemia

Answer 13

Drugs such as loop and thiazide diuretics
Inadequate intake/ intestinal loss via d&/v
Renal tubular acidosis
Endocrine - cushings or conns

Question 14

Give some causes of hyperkalaemia

Answer 14

Drugs such as potassium sparing diuretics
Renal failure
Addisons
DKA
Rhabdo

Question 15

List some nephrotoxic abx and other drugs that cause AKI

Answer 15

gentamicin, vancomycin and tetracyclines
NSAIDs ACEin

Question 16

Give causes of hepatitis including drugs

Answer 16

Alcohol, viruses - EBV, Hep, CMV
Drugs - paracetamol OD, rifampicin, statins

Question 17

Define the meaning of narrow therapeutic index

Answer 17

small difference in blood concentration of drug between toxic and therapeutic levels

Question 18

List some drugs that cause cholestasis

Answer 18

co-amoxiclav, flucloxacillin, nitrofuratoin, steroids, sulfynoreas

Question 19

List some drugs with a narrow therapeutic index

Answer 19

digoxin, theophylline, lithium, phenyotin, gentamicin, vancomycin

Question 20

Give the signs of digoxin toxicity

Answer 20

Confusion, nausea, visual halos and arryhtmia

Question 21

Give signs of lithium toxicity

Answer 21

tremor, tiredness, arrythmia, seizure, coma, renal failure, diabetes insipidus

Question 22

Give signs of phenytoin toxicity

Answer 22

gum hypertrophy, ataxia, nystagmus, peripheral neuropathy and teratogenicity

Question 23

Give signs of toxicity for gentalmycin

Answer 23

ototoxicity and nepthrotoxocityG

Question 24

Give signs of vancomycin

Answer 24

Nephro and ototoxicity

Question 25

If the peak of a drug (when monitoring) is out of range, how should you adjust the drug regime?

Answer 25

Adjust the dose

Question 26

If the trough of a drug is out of range, how should you alter the drug regime

Answer 26

Adjust the Time you give the dose, i.e dose interval. Dose stays the same. Wrong Trough, change Time! <3

Question 27

What information is needed to calculate the dose of gentamicin?

Answer 27

weight and RENAL FUNCTION!

Question 28

If plot on nomogram falls within 24h area what should be done with drug dosing

Answer 28

continue same dose

Question 29

If plot on nomogram falls in 36h area how should the drug regime be changed

Answer 29

change to 36 hourly dosing

Question 30

If plot on nomogram falls in 48h area how should the drug regime be changed

Answer 30

change to 48 hourly dosing

Question 31

If plot on monogram falls above 48h area how should the dug regime be changed

Answer 31

repeat gent levels and only re dose when conc is under 1mg/L