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PSA > Data interpretation > Flashcards

Data interpretation Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of microcytic anaemia

A

Thalassaemia
sideroblastic anaemia
iron deficiency anaemia

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2
Q

Causes of normocytic anaemia

A

Anaemia od chronic disease
acute blood loss
haemolytic anaemia
renal failure (chronic)

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3
Q

Causes of macrocytic anaemia

A 
B12/folate deficiency (megaloblastic)
Excess alcohol
Liver disease
hypothyroidism 
haematological malignancies (myelodysplastic, myeloproliferative, multiple myeloma)
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4
Q

Causes of HYPOnatraemia

A

hypovolaemic - fluid loss (especially diarrhoe and vomiting), Addison’s disease, Diuretic
euvolaemic - SIADH (Small cell lung tumours, Infection, Abscess, Drugs [carbamazepine] and head injury), psychogenic polydipsia, hypothyroidism
Hypervolaemic - heart failure, renal failure, liver failure (causing hypoalbuminaemia), nutritional filaure, thyroid failure

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5
Q

Causes of HYPERnatraemia

A

Dehydration, drips (too much IV saline), drugs, diabetes insipidous

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6
Q

Causes of high neutrophils

A

bacterial infection, tissue damage, steroids

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7
Q

Causes of low neutrophils

A

viral infection, chemotherapy/radiotherapy, clozapine, carbimazole

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8
Q

Causes of high lymphocytes

A

viral infection, lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

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9
Q

Causes of low platelets

A

reduced production - infection, drugs (penicillamine), myelodysplasia, myelofibrosis, myeloma
increased destruction - heparin, hypersplenism, disseminated intravascular coagulation, idiopathic throbocytopenic purpura, haemolytic uraemic syndrome

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10
Q

Causes of high platelets

A

reactive - bleeding, tissue damage, postsplenectomy

primary - myeloproliferative disorders

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11
Q

Causes of HYPOkalaemia

A

Drugs - loop and thiazide duiretics
Inadequate intake or intestinal loss
Renal tubular acidosis
Endocrine - Cushing’s and Conn’s syndrome

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12
Q

Causes of HYPERkalaemia

A 
Drugs - potassium-sparing diuretics and ACE-inhibitors
Renal failure
Endocrine - Addison's
Artefact - clotted sample
DKA
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13
Q

Causes of pre-renal AKI

A

urea rise&raquo_space; creatinine rise
dehydration of any cause e.g. sepsis, blood loss
renal artery stenosis

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14
Q

Causes of intrinsic AKI

A 
urea rise << creatinine rise, bladder or hydronephrosis not palpable
Ischaemia causing acute tubular necrosis
Nephrotoxic antibiotics (gent., vanc., tetracyclines)
Tablets - ACEi, NSAIDs
Radiological contrast
Injury - rhabdomyolysis
Negatively birefringent crystals (gout)
Syndromes (glomerulonephridities)
Inflammation (vasculitis)
Cholesterol emboli
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15
Q

Causes of post-renal AKI

A

urea rise &laquo_space;creatinine rise, bladder may be palpable

stone, tumour, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, lymphadenopathy, aneurysm

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16
Q

LFTs

A

hepatocyte injury - bilirubin, ALT, AST, ALP

synthetic function - albumin, vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX and X)

17
Q

Isolated raised ALP

A 
Any fracture
Liver damage (post hepatic)
Kancer
Pagets disease of the bone and Pregnancy
Hyperparathyroidism
Osteomalacia
Surgery
18
Q

deranged LFTs - raised bilirubin

A

pre-hepatic causes - haemolysis, Gilberts and Crigler-Najjar syndromes

19
Q

deranged LFTs - raised bilirubin and ALT/AST

A

intra-hepatic - fatty liver, hepatitis (alcohol, viruses, drugs and autoimmune), cirrhosis, malignancy , metabolic (Wilson’s disease/haemochromatosis), heart failure

20
Q

derganed LFTs - raised bilirubin and ALP

A

post-heaptic (obstructive) - gallstone, drugs (fluclox, co-amox, nitro, steroids and sulphonylureas), tumour, PBC, sclerosing cholangitis, pancreatic/gastric cancer, lymph node

21
Q

low T4, high TSH

A

primary hypothyroidism - hashimotos thyroiditis, dug-induced

22
Q

low T4, low TSH

A

secondary hypothyroidism - pituitary tumour or damage

23
Q

high T4, low TSH

A

primary hyperthyroidism - Graves, toxic nodular goiter, drug-induced

24
Q

high T4, high TSH

A

secondary hyperthyroidism - pituitary tumour

25
Q

types of respiratory failure

A

type 1 - low/normal PaCO2, fast/normal breathing, caused by anything that damages the heart or lungs
type 2 - high PaCO2, slow/shallow breathing, COPD patients

26
Q

digoxin toxicty

A

confusion, nausea, visual halos, arrythmias

27
Q

lithium toxicity

A

early - tremor
intermediate - tiredness
late - arrythmias, seizures, coma, renal failure, diabetes inspidious

28
Q

phenytoin toxicity

A

gum hypertrophy, ataxia, nystagmus, peripheral neuropathy, teratogenicity

29
Q

gentamicin toxicity

A

ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

30
Q

vancomycin

A

ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

PSA (5 decks)

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