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Data Storage Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to storage costs over time?

A

They decrease

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2
Q

VCF

A

variable content file

Describes the management of data that may change after initial storage

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3
Q

FCF

A

fixed content file

Describes storage of data that will not change once stored

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4
Q

How much of the total stored image-related data does VCF make up?

A

5%

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5
Q

radiology information system (RIS), hospital information system
databases, and the demographic database of the PACS

A

Examples of VCF that make up the 5% of stored image-related data

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6
Q

How much of the total stored image-related data does FCF make up and what kind of “objects” are they made up of??

A

95%

DICOM (images, structured reports, and curves)

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7
Q

What is the typical storage for image data?

A

Storage on the aquisition modality (1+ days), followed by..

Forwarding an image copy from the modality to “Tier 1 storage”

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8
Q

What type of storage is “Tier 1” storage?

A

on-line

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9
Q

Who typically manages Tier 1 storage?

A

PACS

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10
Q

How long are images stored in Tier 1 storage?

A

3-15+ months (dependent upon clinical setting)

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11
Q

Upon receiving an imaging study in the Tier 1 storage system, what does PACS do?

A
  1. Verifies the information in the DICOM header against the information in RIS
  2. Forwards a copy of the study to “Tier 2” Storage
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12
Q

How long will a study remain in “Tier 2” storage?

A

For the duration of its legal life

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13
Q

Are data tiers the same as storage tiers?

A

No

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14
Q

How can each storage tier be described?

A
  1. On-line storage
  2. long-term storage
  3. Disaster Recovery
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15
Q

How many copies of ePHI are required by HIPAA?

A

Two

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16
Q

What can affect storage requirements for radiologic studies?

A

– Image size
– Number of images
– Slice thickness
– Protocols
– Sequences
– Modality vendor

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17
Q

What affect do contrast studies have on storage requirements?

A

They increase storage requirements substantially

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18
Q

What considerations are important when choosing data storage options?

A
  1. Outside images imported into PACS
  2. To consider for growth (facility, new modalities, or increased pt volume)
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19
Q

Depending on the local, state, or
federal statutes, ePHI must be retained in its original form (from
which diagnosis was made) for how long?

A

5-7 years (or longer)

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20
Q

How long may the ePHI of minors be required to be saved for?

A

Until the minor is of 21 years (or older depending on when the ePHI was acquired)

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21
Q

What factors affect the retention period of ePHI?

A

● the type
● the age of the individual
● federal statute
● Varies by state and type of provider
● state’s statute of
limitations
● Mammography has special regulations

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22
Q

How long after a person dies must ePHI be retained?

A

Generally a minimum of 2 years, but may vary by state

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23
Q

What is the minimum retention period for mammography studies?

A

5 years

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24
Q

What is the most cost-effective way to manage outdated ePHI?

A

Retain the PHI permanately

(it is too time consuming, due to complex governing, to make it worthwhile)

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25
What parameters are considered when selecting Storage Media?
Functionality, Response time, Storage capacity, Longevity, Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), Durability, and Compliance Features
26
TCO
Total Cost of Ownership the total cost of purchasing and supporting the storage management system and includes hardware, software, maintenance and licensing fees, personnel, utilities, space, and information migration costs
27
Optical Media
Used primarily to provide a transportable copy of individual patient study and as a low-cost, long-term storage, and disaster recovery media
28
WORM format
Write Once Read Many format
29
What kind of media is used by most storage today?
Spinning Magnetic Disc (Also known as Hard Drive Disc (HDD))
30
RAID
Redundant Array of Independent Disks Prevents one disc failure from causing a loss of data by writing parity data across the array of discs
31
What is the downside of RAID?
The parity data takes up some storage space; therefore reducing it
32
Can RAID be used to back data up?
No
33
DAS
Direct attached storage
34
What is direct attached storage?
Simplest and least expensive storage technology where computer (server) is directly attached to storage device such as RAID or tape system
35
What is the downside of DAS
Decreased storage availability, decreased scalability, inability to automate backup, and minimized planned system downtime
36
NAS
Network attached storage
37
What is NAS?
a file-based storage system with management software that is 100% dedicated to serving files over a network
38
Why was NAS developed?
to address the inherent weaknesses of a server-based infrastructure such as DAS
39
What does NAS eliminate?
the need for the server supporting storage and responding to read/write responsibilities
40
What are some benefits of NAS?
simple and cost-effective improved performance and productivity data protection features Ability to consolidate DAS resources Scalabilty
41
SAN
storage area network
42
What is SAN?
a high performance storage network that transfers data between servers and storage devices, separate from the local area network
43
How does SAN differ from DAS and NAS?
SAN moves data at the block level rather than at the file level as does DAS and NAS (ideal for moving data in large quantities)
44
Since the SAN operates on a block level and workstations operate at the file level, the PACS or other application must provide a what?
a block level to file level conversion
45
How is a SAN better than DAS and NAS?
* Performance * 24/7 data availability * Reliability, with a high degree of fault tolerance * Scalability * Data protection * Storage virtualization
46
FC
Fiber Channel
47
What is a FC?
a gigabit-speed network technology used primarily for storage networking
48
What does the special cabling in FC do?
It enables FC to move large volumes of data without the distance and bandwidth limitations of SCSI
49
What does a Hybrid SAN/NaSs do?
– Adds file interface to SAN – Supports NAS standards – Leverages a common storage infrastructure
50
iSCSI
Internet Small Computer System Interface
51
How does iSCSI differ from FC?
it uses IP networks rather than fiber channel to transmit data
52
Which is less costly, iSCSI or FC?
iSCSI, because FC requires special-purpose cabling; meanwhile iSCSI can run on existing network infrastructure
53
What kind of data storage and retrieval is made possible by iSCSI?
remote and independent storage systems because IP networks such as LANs, WANs, and the Internet are widely available
54
What are some key characteristics of cloud-based storage?
● Cloud storage is service based ● It is scalable and elastic ● It is shared ● Is metered by use. ● Applies the standards of Internet technologies
55
ASP
Application Service Provider
56
What are some characteristics of ASP?
– These ASP contracts can be structured as a SaaS or an IaaS model. – Contract imposes a charge per study and/or a fxed monthly recurring charge. – May be penalties for exceeding contracted study volumes.
57
VNA
Vendor Neutral Archive
58
What are some reasons to compress medical images?
Decrease transmission times for medical images – Decrease storage requirements for medical images – Decrease bandwidth requirements for the transmission of medical images – Reduce cost for storage management and infrastructure
59
What is lossless compression?
Digital data compression in which all the original data information is preserved and can be completely reconstituted
60
RLE
Run length encoding
61
How does RLE decrease image size?
Uses the redundancy within the image Replaces sequences of the same data values within a file by a count number and a single value
62
Lossy Compression
Methods of digital compression in which the original information cannot be completely reconstituted
63
What is the primary use for lossy compression?
for web distribution of images to the enterprise for review purposes rather than primary interpretation
64
What is the primary justification for compressing FCF DICOM objects?
reducing the time to transmit an image from one location to another
65
How does compressing FCF DICOM objects affect storage requirements?
it reduces them while also reducing cost and improving productivity
66
How must lossless compressed studies be stored?
In lossless compressed format
67
68
What is the problem with proprietary compression formats?
Will negatively impact interoperability of images and data migration Can lock you into your current PACS vendor
69
Which of the following is an advantage of departmental storage over enterprise storage? (a) Vendor independence and best-of-breed purchasing (b) Reduced cost of hardware and licensing fees (c) Ease of providing redundancy (d) Ease of initial setup
D
70
Regarding datacenters, which of the following is true? (a) Tier 4 is the highest Tier rating for datacenters. (b) The IT Department is responsible for specifying the characteristics of the resources and the availability requirements. (c) Power and cooling represent a small cost fraction of datacenter costs. (d) 24/7 information availability is desirable, but not necessary.
B
71
Which of the following is not a form of network storage? (a) RAID (b) SAN (c) NAS (d) VNA (e) Cloud
E
72
A Tier 4 datacenter with a guaranteed availability of 99.995% allows for how much downtime per year? (a) None (b) 5.25 minutes/year (c) 26.28 minutes/year (d) 52.56 minutes/year
D

CIIP (6 decks)

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