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database Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

Raw facts not yet processed

A

DATA

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2
Q

Processed data with meaning

A

INFORMATION

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3
Q

Shared collection of related data

A

DATABASE

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4
Q

Software that manages the database structure

A

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

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5
Q

Data about data

A

METADATA

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6
Q

Language to define database structure

A

DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL)

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7
Q

Language to manipulate data

A

DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML)

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8
Q

Language to control user permissions

A

DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE (DCL)

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9
Q

Language to retrieve/query data

A

DATA QUERY LANGUAGE (DQL)

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10
Q

Language to manage transactions

A

TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE (TCL)

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11
Q

Overall design of the database

A

SCHEMA

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12
Q

Unique identifier of a record

A

PRIMARY KEY

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13
Q

Column in a table

A

ATTRIBUTE

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14
Q

Set of valid values for an attribute

A

DOMAIN

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15
Q

One object associated with one object

A

ONE-TO-ONE RELATIONSHIP

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16
Q

One object associated with many objects

A

ONE-TO-MANY RELATIONSHIP

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17
Q

Many objects associated with many objects

A

MANY-TO-MANY RELATIONSHIP

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18
Q

Circle + Crow’s Foot symbol

A

OPTIONAL MANY

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19
Q

Line + Crow’s Foot symbol

A

MANDATORY MANY

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20
Q

Circle + Line symbol

A

OPTIONAL ONE

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21
Q

Single line symbol

A

MANDATORY ONE

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22
Q

Collection of application programs for files

A

FILE SYSTEM

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23
Q

Organized structure that regulates data

A

DATABASE SYSTEM

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24
Q

Combines rows from two or more tables

A

JOIN

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25
Returns rows with matches in both tables
INNER JOIN
26
Returns all rows from the left table
LEFT JOIN
27
Returns all rows from the right table
RIGHT JOIN
28
Returns all rows with or without matches
FULL JOIN
29
Returns all combinations of rows
CROSS JOIN
30
Query inside another query
SUBQUERY
31
Returns one value
SCALAR SUBQUERY
32
Returns one row of multiple columns
ROW SUBQUERY
33
Returns multiple rows and columns
TABLE SUBQUERY
34
Used to extract data
SELECT
35
Used to group results
GROUP BY
36
Filters grouped results
HAVING
37
Enforces uniqueness
UNIQUE CONSTRAINT
38
Links two tables
FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINT
39
Field must not be null
NOT NULL CONSTRAINT
40
Ensures a value meets a condition
CHECK CONSTRAINT
41
Provides a default value
DEFAULT CONSTRAINT
42
Process to reduce data redundancy
NORMALIZATION
43
First level of database normalization
FIRST NORMAL FORM (1NF)
44
Second level of database normalization
SECOND NORMAL FORM (2NF)
45
Third level of database normalization
THIRD NORMAL FORM (3NF)
46
Ensures data accuracy and consistency
INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT
47
Logical unit of database operations
TRANSACTION
48
All steps must succeed or fail together
ATOMICITY
49
Ensures valid state before and after transaction
CONSISTENCY
50
Prevents other transactions from accessing during execution
ISOLATION
51
Changes are permanent after commit
DURABILITY
52
Manages multiple users accessing data at once
CONCURRENCY CONTROL
53
Two transactions overwrite each other
LOST UPDATE
54
Reads uncommitted data
DIRTY READ
55
Reads same row with different results
NONREPEATABLE READ
56
Gets additional rows on repeat query
PHANTOM READ
57
Controls order of operations in transactions
SCHEDULER
58
Prevents access by other transactions
EXCLUSIVE LOCK
59
Allows read-only access to data
SHARED LOCK
60
Locks based on assumed conflict
PESSIMISTIC LOCKING
61
Assigns unique times to transactions
TIME STAMPING
62
Old waits, young dies
WAIT/DIE SCHEME
63
Old preempts, young waits
WOUND/WAIT SCHEME
64
Assumes most transactions do not conflict
OPTIMISTIC CONCURRENCY
65
Phase validating transaction
VALIDATION PHASE
66
Restores database to consistent state
DATABASE RECOVERY
67
Ensures log is written before data changes
WRITE-AHEAD LOGGING
68
Temporary memory for recent data
DATABASE BUFFER
69
Operation writing memory to disk
CHECKPOINT
70
Improves database speed
PERFORMANCE TUNING
71
Optimizes how SQL queries are run
QUERY OPTIMIZATION
72
Chooses most efficient query plan
QUERY OPTIMIZER
73
Removes duplicate rows
DISTINCT
74
Avoids slow full table scans
INDEX
75
Ensures only committed data is read
READ COMMITTED
76
Allows reading uncommitted data
READ UNCOMMITTED
77
Reads rows consistently within a transaction
REPEATABLE READ
78
Prevents phantom rows during queries
SERIALIZABLE
79
What defines a valid database state?
DATA INTEGRITY
80
Standard defining transaction isolation levels
ANSI SQL 1992
81
What is the purpose of a CHECKPOINT?
WRITE UPDATED BUFFERS TO DISK
82
What is the term for temporary memory for data?
DATABASE BUFFER
83
What does the WRITE-AHEAD LOGGING ensure?
LOGS WRITTEN BEFORE DATABASE CHANGES
84
Prevents system failures from corrupting data
DATABASE RECOVERY MANAGEMENT
85
What does a FOREIGN KEY constraint ensure?
REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY
86
Allows defining constraints and relationships
DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL)
87
Allows updating and querying data
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML)
88
Allows assigning user permissions
DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE (DCL)
89
What type of JOIN includes all rows from both tables?
FULL JOIN
90
What operation retrieves all rows matching conditions?
SELECT
91
What phase checks a transaction’s validity?
VALIDATION PHASE
92
Manages simultaneous transaction execution
CONCURRENCY CONTROL
93
What happens when two transactions overwrite changes?
LOST UPDATE
94
What ensures durable transaction results?
COMMIT
95
What operation undoes all changes in a transaction?
ROLLBACK
96
What is used to lock data exclusively?
EXCLUSIVE LOCK
97
Allows simultaneous reads of data
SHARED LOCK
98
Gives older transactions priority in locking
WAIT/DIE SCHEME
99
Preempts younger transactions for locks
WOUND/WAIT SCHEME
100
Assumes most transactions do not conflict
OPTIMISTIC CONCURRENCY CONTROL

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