Dates And Case-studies Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Robert Boyle
A
1627-1691
2
Q
Rudolf II reign date
A
1552-1612
3
Q
Margaret Cavendish lifetime
A
1623-1673
4
Q
Elizabeth I reign
A
1558-1603
5
Q
Chemical medicine at Kassel court
A
Johannes Hartmann promoting chemical remedies over traditional alchemy
6
Q
Publishing dates of some of Galileo’s works
A
1610= Sidereus Nuncius
1613= Sunspots
1632= “Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems”
7
Q
A
8
Q
Galileo inquisition and trial
A
1633- threat of torture so he had to recount his belief in heliocentrism
9
Q
Philip Sommering and Duke Julius of Brunswick-wolfenbuttel
A
1571, 2000 Thaler, 1575 executed
10
Q
Albinus’ Berg-Chronica
A
1590
11
Q
Rudolphine tables
A
1627
12
Q
Johann Joachim Becher
A
- 1635-1672, apparently transmuted silver into gold for Holy Roman Emperor
13
Q
Longitude Act
A
1714- offered money for those with new ideas as to how to better determine longitude as not being able to work out where you were when voyaging had started to become a large problem
14
Q
What was Louis 14 interested in?
A
Naval technology
15
Q
Occupation of the Canary Islands
A
1402
16
Q
Bernier’s New Divison of the Earth
A
1684
17
Q
Bacon’s Novum Organum
A
1620
18
Q
Linneas’ Systema Naturae
A
1758
19
Q
Casas view on development
A
Barbarism was relative rather than absolute- linked to environment
20
Q
Louis le Roy idea
A
That native Americans were at an earlier stage of development
21
Q
1661 Barbados Slave Code
A
Said black Africans were naturally barbarous and needed different laws from English ones
22
Q
France racial laws
A
1764= black entry into France restricted, mixed-race people banned from medical professions in the colonies
23
Q
Buffon’s Histoire Naturelle
A
1749
24
Q
Fuentes y Guzman, Historia de Guatemala
A
‘Going to the indies is contrary to the human constitution’
25
Camper
1770= ideas of facial angles and physical measurements
26
Antislavery sentiment
Jaques Necker (France’s PM) criticised slavery in 1784- didn’t think social status should be based on physical differences
27
Henri de Boulainvilliers
- 1658-1722
- Theorist of ‘noble race’
- Skin colour linked to race and morality
28
Munster’s Cosmographia
1544- geographical and ethnological encyclopaedia
29
Medieval travellers
Marco Polo, Mandeville
30
Hans Staden’s travel account
1557- True History and description of the country of wild, naked, grim, man-eating people in the New World of America (Holy Roman Empire)
31
Andre Thevet
1557 Travel account after his 10 week stay in Brazil
32
Jean de Lery
‘History of a Voyage to the Land of Brazil’ in 1578 after his year with the Tupinamba people
33
Popularity of the Gutenberg Bible
1454= sold out at the Frankfurt Fair (20 gulden for a paper copy)
34
When was the first printing press outside of Mainz established?
1460 in Bamberg
35
Kohberger
o Nuremberg book industry
o 1480-1500= published over 200 works
o Large productivity of his shop
o Multiple presses
36
Peter Draco
- Speyer book dealer
- German book market growth= encouraged specialisation
o Printers avoided books being taken care of by others
- Successful bookselling business
o 17,155 books, around 1200 yearly
o Business with uni towns of Heidelberg and Tubingen
37
Proposal that printers should be banned from Venice
Benectine= Fillippo de Strata (1473 in Venice the industry seemed in danger of collapse)
38
When was a press established in Paris
1470
39
When did Rheticus travel to meet Copernicus
1539-1541
40
Examples of botanical publishing
Fuchs= De historia stirpium 1542- History of Plants
• 500 illustrations of plants in alphabetical order
41
When were medical books first published?
1466
42
Works of Vesalius
Anatomical Tables (1537-8), De Humani Corporis Fabrica
43
Cauterising
1544- introduced by Vesalius
44
The Bodleian
- 1598= Thomas Bodley= interested in starting library at Oxford
- Reformation= assault on monastic libs (1556 at Ox)
- 1620= Bodleian= 16,000 volumes
- Beginnings of public library
- Library as a cultural institution struggling to adapt to print
- 16th C= public lib still in the future
45
Seizure of Heidelberg library
1622- 12,000 printed books appropriated for Vatican lib in Rome
46
When was the national lib of Copenhagen burned down?
1728
47
Almanacs
1437= Uni of Paris decreed every physician should possess a copy of the most recent almanac
48
When was Tycho Brahe given Uraniborg?
1576 by King Frederick II of Denmark
49
Tycho Brahe’s works
Astronomiae Insauratae Mechanica- showcase of his instruments before the invention of the telescope
50
Prints by the Royal Society
Newton= Philosophical Transactions and Principia
51
John Wilkins
The Discovery of a world in the moone= 1638
52
John Fell’s reforms
o Revitalised uni press, steady production of sci works
o Oxford now a centre for publishing
o Nat Phil publications significant portion of press’ outputs from 1670s onwards
o Responded to tech and commercial challenges
53
Textbooks at Oxford
o 1615 Sanderson Textbook= based on lincoln college lectures= sold over 10,000 copies and reprints 1615-1742
o Eclipsed earlier works by Brerewood
o Dominated ox’s press
o Carpenter, Heylyn, Pemble textbooks in Nat Phil
Engaged with new ideas of Copernicus and criticised Aristotle
54
English Civil War
1642-6
55
Geographical and natural philosophical texts
o Burton Anatomy of Melancholy 1621
o Bacon Advancement of Learning 1633
o More English texts instead of Latin that could be read more widely= Carpenter’s philosophia libera
56
Morison’s Herbal publishings
- 1672= Planatarum Umbelliferarum, second volume not completed until 1681
57
Chinese imperial libraries
- Song, Yuan, Ming= imperial libraries restricted to emperors and select individuals
58
When does Cambridge get a uni press?
1534
59
Thomas More background
- 1478-1535
- Lord high chancellor of Great Britain- Catholic
o Seen to be a Renaissance Humanist
o Served Henry 8
o Opposed to Protestant Reformation
- Fiction and socio-political satire
- Published 1516
- First written in Latin
60
What was going on when Utopia was written?
- 1514= Mary (H8’s sister) Queen of France (she was widowed the next year)
- 1502= first reported enslaved person described in Americas
- 1510= Leonardo DV designs horizontal water wheel
- 1513= Machiavelli’s The Prince
- 1516= Leonardo DV moves to France
- Henry 8 married to Catherine of Aragon
- 1517= Martin Luther’s 95 theses
- 1543= Copernicus theory published
61
Margaret Cavendish context
- Duchess of Newcastle
- Proudly stated as the author= ‘illustrious, and excellent princess’
- Scientist and fiction writer
- Rejected aristotelianism and mechanical Phil for vitalism
- First woman to attend a meeting at the Royal Society of London in 1667
- Gender forwardthinking?
62
Context for when The Blazing World was written
- Written in the aftermath of the civil war
- Marg lost her home, family, wealth, country etc
- The book ends with a homecoming
- Published in 1666
- 1666= Great Fire of London
- 1660= monarchy restored
- 1660= Royal Society of London founded- women excluded
- Catholics started to be scrutinised again (Test Act)
63
Francis Bacon context
- English philosopher and statesman (viscount)
- Attorney general and lord chancellor of England under James I
- ‘Father of empiricism’- scepticism and methodological approach
- Book published 1626 unfinished and posthumously
64
Context for when New Atlantis was published
- 1625= Charles I assumes throne
- Protestants hate him (he married French princess
- Bad foreign policy (Spain)
65
The City of the Sun
1602- Tommaso Campanella
66
Christianopolis
1619- Andreae
67
Bacon’s, The Advancement of Learning
1605
68
Descartes’ lifetime
1596-1650
69
How many more copies of De Fabrica did Vesalius print than Copernicus’ DR?
700-1200
70
Examples of letters
Galileo sent Kepler a copy of SD and Kepler responded with a letter supporting it
Letters between Robert Boyle and Henry Oldenburg (secretary of R/S) about experimental methods, vacuum pumps and air pressure established an early culture of peer review
71
Journal of the RS
Philosophical Transactions
72
Outside of Europe patronage
o Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
Patronised Jesuit missionaries who brought in European astronomy, mathematics, and cartography
o Qing D Kangxi Emperor- personally studied maths and astronomy
o Mughal Courts
Raja Jai Singh II of Jaipur (1688-1743)
• Built astronomical observatories= Jantar Mantar in Delhi
• Bernier travels to India and experienced the Mughal Court
73
Dutch Republics patrons and patronised
o Informal NP network= Lambert ten Kate (promoted newton’s ideas)
o Dutch publishers were efficient at dissemination (Elzevier)
o Jan Swammerdam= wealthy patrons and university appointments
o Medicine and anatomy at Leiden university under Herman Boerhaave
74
When did Russian schools of NP open?
1701= Moscow school of mathematics and navigation
1724= St Petersburg Academy of Science
75
Who visited Charles 2 in 1662?
John Winthrop, governor of the colony of Connecticut
## Footnote
Winthrop suggested that cold temperatures had receded with colonization.
76
What did John Winthrop suggest about the impact of colonization?
Cold temperatures have receded
## Footnote
He believed that 'Divine Providence has hallowed the imperial enterprise.'
77
How were the Amerindian people viewed by colonizers?
Less evolved and 'still in the infancy'
## Footnote
This reflects a colonial mindset regarding indigenous populations.
78
Who provided the first testimony of a change in climate in America?
Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo, royal chronicler of the Indies
## Footnote
He noted a widespread view that the climate of America was improving since 1492.
79
What was the widespread view about the climate of America since 1492?
Improving since Christians came
## Footnote
This view included the idea that the air was becoming purer and more refined.
80
What did climate change reflect according to historical views?
The move from one sovereignty into another
## Footnote
This reflects the colonial perspective on sovereignty and territory.
81
How did Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo describe the Indians?
Cannibals and sodomites sometimes
## Footnote
This language illustrates the derogatory views held by some colonizers.
82
What is the title of Buffon's epoch?
De La Nature
## Footnote
Buffon's work discusses humanity's relationship with nature.
83
What does Buffon state about humanity's duty towards nature?
Assist, embellish and fertilise nature
## Footnote
This reflects Enlightenment thinking about human intervention in the natural world.
84
What did Buffon believe about harsher climates?
They would lead to degeneration
## Footnote
He proposed a division of the earth into four zones based on climate.
85
Who was Alexander Rodrigues Ferreira?
An explorer known for his Amazon expedition from 1783 to 1792
## Footnote
Ferreira relied on indigenous guides for geographic and botanical data during his exploration.
86
What was the role of indigenous guides in Ferreira's expedition?
To navigate Amazonia’s fluvial labyrinth and provide geo and botanical data
## Footnote
Indigenous guides helped in understanding the complex river systems.
87
What type of maps did Ferreira utilize from Amerindians?
Knot-based river maps
## Footnote
These maps were unique representations of the river systems in the Amazon.
88
How did Ferreira frame native knowledge?
In European scientific terms
## Footnote
Despite using indigenous knowledge, Ferreira interpreted it through a European lens.
89
Who did Newton rely on for knowledge exchanges?
Richer
## Footnote
Newton's work was influenced by collaborative efforts with others, including those from different regions.
90
What assistance did Inca astronomers provide to Condamine?
Helped him reach the peak of a volcano in the Andes
## Footnote
Local Peruvian guides played a crucial role in his expedition.
91
What was the purpose of the slaves Condamine bought in Peru?
To provide raw materials and assist in the expedition
## Footnote
They carried instruments, led mules, paddled canoes, and negotiated with local peoples.
92
What scientific measurement was France attempting to validate?
The length of a degree of latitude
## Footnote
This was connected to Newton’s theories regarding the shape of the Earth.
93
What system did Condamine utilize to construct a baseline for surveying?
Digging a seven-mile trench
## Footnote
This work was performed by local Peruvian Indians under the mita system.
94
What was the mita system?
A public service originally developed under the Inca empire, adapted by the Spanish into forced labor
## Footnote
This system required local people to work for European surveyors.
95
How did Condamine view the local Peruvian Indians?
As barely distinguishable from beasts
## Footnote
He perceived them as only capable of following instructions, not creating new ideas.
96
What significant tradition did the long straight trench represent?
An Andean tradition dating back thousands of years
## Footnote
This tradition involved extensive knowledge of land surveying and construction.
97
What are geoglyphs?
Large designs or motifs created on the ground, often significant in cultural contexts
## Footnote
These could include various forms of earthworks, such as the Nazca Lines.
98
What was the purpose of the 'Nazareth Lines' created in 500 BCE?
To align astronomical observations
## Footnote
These lines reflect the advanced understanding of astronomy by ancient cultures.
99
By the 15th century, what combination of knowledge was prevalent in the Inca empire?
Astronomy and surveying
## Footnote
This combination was crucial for their architectural and agricultural practices.
100
What did the Incas think about Condamine's intentions with the trench?
They believed he wanted to construct his own ritual line
## Footnote
This perception was based on the historical significance of lines built by earlier Inca rulers.
101
What did Condamine commission to be built along the trench?
Small pyramids as checkpoints
## Footnote
These pyramids were intended for navigation and marking significant points along the surveying path.
102
What historical function did pyramids serve for the Incas?
For astronomical alignments
## Footnote
The Incas built pyramids to assist in their astronomical observations and rituals.
103
How non-Europeans saw race and foreign contact
- Inca people about the Spanish
o 1570= Account of Titu Cusi (leader of the neo-Inca state)
Account about the 1570 conquest of Peru
o Noticed the diff clothes they wore and animals they had
o Noticed how diff the Europeans looked from each other
o Thought they were godly as they could create thunder from their guns?
- Chinese people about the Jesuit
o Admired them for their NP knowledge- seen as foreign literati and integrated into the court as advisers
o They were also suspicious of them though
