Dawn - psych - quizlet questions Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
What is the difference between aggregate, category, and group?
A
“1. Group - is a # of people (as few as two) who identify and interact (people studying with you)
- Aggregate - Includes people who exist in the same space, but do not identify or interact (people in the library around you)
- Category - Shares certain characteristics, but does not regularly interact (everyone taking the mcat this year)
- MCAT LOVES TO TEST THIS”
2
Q
What is the difference between primary and secondary groups?
A
"Primary: Family, close friends Size - usually smaller Interaction- Closer, personal, enduring relationships Longevity - Longer term Goal - Happy
Secondary: Coworkers, classmates, athletic team
Size - usually larger
Interaction- Impersonal, goal oriented
Longevity - Shorter tem
Goal - Accomplish a specific purpose or perform function”
3
Q
What is the difference between in group, out group, and reference group?
A
“In group - any group a person belongs to and identifies with (people who take the MCAT)
Out group - any group a person does not belong or identifies with (lawyers)
Reference group - any group that one identifies with and compares themselves to, they may or may not actually be a member of this group (Doctor)
- MCAT LIKES THIS
- in group can be same as reference group”
4
Q
What is culture?
A
”- Everything that is made, learned, and/or shared by the members of a society
- Including: beliefs, behaviors, values and material objects”
5
Q
What is the difference between material culture and symbolic culture?
A
”- Material culture - Consists of concrete visible parts of culture, food, clothing, cars, weapons buildings (tangible)
- Symbolic culture - Values, beliefs, concepts and ideas shape who we are and make us diff. from other members of society (intangible aspects)
- AKA nonmaterial culture”
6
Q
What is the difference between value and belief?
A
“1. Value - Culturally approved concept about what is right or wrong, desirable or undesirable
- How things should be (RIGHT OR WRONG)
2. Belief - Specific ideas that people hold to be true - Values support beliefs”
7
Q
What is the difference between rituals, symbols and language?
A
“1. Rituals - Characterized by formalism, traditionalism, invariance, rule-governance, sacral symbolism, and performance
- All known human societies have various rituals
- Rituals can be like handshaking (white coat ceremony)
2. Symbols - Cultural representations of reality
3. Language - Verbal and written expression that is culturally specific and meant to convey meaning about the world - Language is most powerful of all human symbols
- Source of continuity and identity”
8
Q
What types of culture exist in society?
A
“1. Dominant culture - group whose members are in the majority or who wield more power than other groups
- Minorities can become dominant - white people held power in SA despite more black people
2. Subculture - lives differently from, but not opposed to, the dominant culture (little italy, chinatown)
3. Counter culture - subculture that opposes the dominant culture (black panthers, hippies)”
9
Q
Evolution and human culture
A
”- Anthropologists initially believed that cultures evolve in the same way biological organisms evolve and that culture is a product of biological evolution
- Culture can be intentionally taught and spread from one group to another (unlike biological evolution)
- Greater behavior flexibility and adaptability = decreased influence of genetically encoded behaviors and the increased importance of learning and social interaction in transmitting and maintaining behavioral adaptations
- Complex interplay”
10
Q
What is the difference between sex and gender?
A
“Female + No SRY gene (biologically female) = Cisgender
Female + Presence of SRY = transgender
Male + No SRY gene = Transgender
Male + Presence of SRY (biologically male) = Cisgender”
11
Q
What is the difference between race and ethnicity?
A
“Race
- Concept of dividing people into populations or groups on the basis of physical characteristics
Ethnicity
- Members identify with each other on the basis of common nationality or shared cultural traditions”
12
Q
What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?
A
“Prejudice - attitude - preconceived judgements towards people based on their group membership, belief not behavior but can lead to discrimination
Discrimination - action - biased treatment of an individual based on group membership”
13
Q
What is the difference between absolute poverty and relative poverty?
A
”- Absolute poverty- inability to secure the basic necessities of life
- Relative poverty- inability to meet the average standard of living defined by a society (relative to those around you)”
14
Q
What are the 3 P’s of SES?
A
“1. Prestige - ones reputation and standing in society - queen, Obama
- Power - ability to enforce ones will on other people
- Property - including possessions, income and other wealth”
15
Q
What is social stratification?
A
“Caste system -> Class system -> Meritocracy
- Caste system - lower social mobility, less dependent on effort, social status defined by birth
- Class system - Some degree of social mobility, slightly dependent
- Meritocracy - higher social mobility, Dependent on effort, social status based on individual merit (not perfect, ideal system)”
16
Q
What makes up social mobility?
A
“1. Physical capital - money, property, land other, physical assets - can turn this into social capital
- Cultural - non financial characteristics eval by society ( education, age experience)
- Social capital - whom you know, social networks - can turn this into cultural
- Human capital - relation to work spaces (workers ability to do the job)
17
Q
Availability of health care vs accessibility of healthcare
A
“Availability - are there providers
Accessibility - Ability for someone to obtain existing resources across the US”
18
Q
What are Gestalts principles?
A
”- How humans perceive stimuli as organized patterns and objects
- Similarity - items similar to one another grouped together
- Figure-ground relationship AKA Pragnanz - reality is often organized reduced to simplest form possible (Ex. Olympic rings)
- Proximity - objects that are close are grouped together
- Continuity - lines are seen as following the smoothest path
- Closure - objects grouped together are seen as a whole”
19
Q
What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
A
“1. Sensorimotor (0-2)
- Object permanence and stranger anxiety
2. Preoperational stage (2-7) - World and images represent things
- pretend play, egocentric and no empathy
3. Concrete operational stage (7-11) - Conservation and empathy
4. Formal operational (12+) - abstract consequences and moral reasoning”
20
Q
What are freud’s stages of cognitive development?
A
“1. Oral (0-1)
- Anal (1-3)
- Phallic (3-6)
- Latency (6-12)
- Genital (12-death)”
21
Q
What are Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development?
A
“1. Basic trust vs mistrust (0-1)
- Autonomy vs. Shame (1-2)
- Initiation vs. Guilt (3-5)
- Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11)
- Identity vs. Confusion (12-19)
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-25)
- Generativity vs. Stagnation (26-64)
- Integrity vs. Despair (65- death)”
22
Q
What is the difference between alzheimers, parkinsons and korsakoffs syndrome?
A
“1. Alzheimers - dementia - decrease in cholinergic neurons (memory issues)
- Parkinsons - Loss of dopamine neurons (tremors, slowed movement/body issues)
- Korsakoff’s syndrome - Lack of thiamine (vit B1)
- Linked to chronic alcohol abuse”
23
Q
What are the 4 theories of language?
A
“1. Learning (BF skinner) - Learn through operant conditioning (ie: thirst –> say drink –> get water) and imitation, prompting and shaping
- Motivating operations
- Discriminative stimuli
- Response
- Reinforcing
2. Nativist (Chomsky) - Biological basis - Innate ability to learn language (language acquisition device)
- Based on inference and not proven
3. Cognitive theory (Piagets) - Assimilation and accommodation to learn languages (develop mentally first) - Must make mental schemas to develop language
4. Interactionist theory (Vygotsky) - Social learning and zone of proximal development (ZPD) - level of development obtained (ie: difference between potential to learn and actual learning)
- Piaget underestimated importance of social interactions”
24
Q
What is the sapir-whorf theory?
A
”- Structure of a persons language influences the way he or she perceives the world
- Mostly abandoned bc of limited support
- But shows that words in diff languages have diff meanings
- Related to linguistic relativity hypothesis (language influences the way people see the world)”
25
How is speech processed in the brain?
"1. Left hemisphere - functions of speech, language processing and comprehension and logical reasoning
2. Right hemisphere - emotional tone of speech, unable to process words and meaning independently"
26
What controls emotions?
"- Limbic system! (hippo wearing HAT)
1. Hippocampus - forming new memories
- If destroyed old mems okay
2. Hypothalamus - Regulates ANS (fight or flight) and controls endocrine
3. Amygdala - Aggression center
4. Thalamus - Sensory relay system (except smell)"
27
What are Ekman's 7 basic emotions?
"1. Happiness
2. Sadness
3. Fear
4. Disgust
5. Anger
6. Surprise
7. Contempt"
28
What are the 4 somatic theories of emotions?
"- Bodily responses (not cognitive interpretations) are essential to emotions
1. James-lange theory - Physiological --> emotion (crying makes you sad)
2. Cannon-bard - Physiological = emotion (same time)
3. Schachter-singer- Physiological + cognitive --> emotion
- ie: context determines emotional significance
4. Lazarus theory - cognitive --> emotion + physiological
- experience of emotion depends on how the situation is labeled"
29
What are the two types of appraisal?
"- Talking about stressors
1. Primary - judgement about the degree of potential harm or threat
2. Secondary - judgement or options available to cope with stressor and perceptions of how effective options are"
30
What are the 5 schools of thought on motivation?
"1. Evolutionary - role instincts play in motivation. Think about baby, cries, sleep, eats. Basic instincts all humans have.
2. Drive Reduction Theory - drives vs. needs.
- Need is lack or deprivation that will energize the drive, or aroused state
- Drive is what will reduce the need (Maintains homeostasis)
3. Optimum Arousal Theory - people want to reach full arousal/alertness.
- Drive to get full arousal, and natural high.
- Cognitive - thought processes drive behavior.
- Maslow's Hierarchy"
31
What is the difference between distress and eustress?
"1. Distress = result of unpleasant stressor
| 2. Eustress = result of a positive stressor"
32
What are the theories of personality?
"1. Sigmund freud - Psychoanalytic theory - personality is shaped by persons unconscious thoughts, feelings and past memories
2. Carl Rogers - Humanistic theory - humans are inherently good
- Drive by actualizing tendency (self actualization) --> innate drive to maintain and enhance ones self
- Focused on conscious - want ideal self and real self to match
- First person was MASLOW
3. Biological theory - inherited or determined by our genes
- Eysenck (difference in reticular formation) , Gray (3 brain systems - like fight or flight), Cloninger (brain systems in reward, low dopamine higher impulsivity)
4. Behaviorist - Skinner and Pavlov
5. Trait theory - trait is a stable predisposition towards a certain behavior
- Allport
- Cattell
- Eysenck - 3 major dimensions of personality that we express differently
6. Social cognitive perspective - Bandura -
- Combine Observational learning + thinking and reasoning
- Bandora - Bobo dolls"
33
What are Sigmund Freud's 3 egos?
"1. Id - unconscious
- Demands immediate gratification
2. Ego - part of conscious and unconscious
- Perceptions, thoughts, and judgements (seeks long term gratification)
3. Superego - develops around 4 (moral conscience)
- Conscious and unconscious"
34
What are the big 5 personality traits?
"1. Openness to experience
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extraversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism
- Cattel, Eysenck use big 5 but allport did not"
35
What was Asch's experiment?
"- Conformity studies
- Asch's experiment tried to see how a person was affected when under group pressures.
- He had the experimentee in a group of three. Group of three gave the wrong person on purpose. More than 1/3 of the people in his study were willing to give the wrong answer to conform to others."
36
What were milgrams studies?
"- Obedience
| - Shocking people"
37
What was Zimbardos study?
"- Stanford Prison Experiment
| - Guards and prisoners"
38
What are the 4 groups of norms?
"1. Folkways - mildest type of norm
- Common rules/manners we are suppose to follow
2. Mores - Norms based on moral value/belief
- Based on right and wrong with no formal consequences
3. Laws - based on right and wrong with formal consequences
4. Taboos - completely wrong in any circumstance"
39
What are the 4 theories on deviance?
"1. Differential association aka Structural functionalism - deviance is a learned behavior that results from exposure to things that violate norms
2. Labeling theory - Behavior only deviant if people have judged and labeled that behavior deviant
- primary = not bad, secondary = more serious
3. Strain theory (Merton)- blocked from attaining culturally accept goal --> deviance
4. Conflict theory - deviant behaviors result from social, political, or material inequalities of a social group
- People act deviant to change their circumstances"
40
What are the theories of development?
"1. Freud - Psychosexual theory of development.
- Believed early childhood was the most important age/period (Plays large role in personality development)
- 5 stages - Oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital (Old age parrots love grapes)
- If issues aren't resolved at a certain stage, then fixation occurs
2. Erikson - Psychosocial development theory.
- Proposed personality/identity development occurs through one's entire lifespan.
- Each stage depends on overcoming a conflict, and success/failure at each stage affects overall functioning of theory.
- 8 stages
3. Vygotsky - Sociocultural development theory
- Believed children learned actively through hands-on processes, and suggest parents/cultural beliefs/language/attitudes are all responsible for higher function of learning.
- Child internalizes interactions with others. (attention, sensation, perception, memory)
4. Kohlberg - Moral development theory .
- Moral reasoning develops through cognitive development, and people pass through 3 stages of development (each with 2 stages) - 6 levels total
- preconventional, conventional, post conventional"
41
What did Mead think?
"- Social behaviorism - mind and self emerge through the process of communicating with others
- Preparatory, play and game stage (generalized other)
- Leads to Me and I
- Me: how the individual believes the generalized other perceives it
- I = response of the individual to the Me"
42
What is Cooleys looking glass self?
"- Person's sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others
1) How do I appear to others?
2) What must others think of me? (shy, intelligent, awkward)
3) Revise how we think about ourselves (based on correct OR incorrect perceptions).
- NOT actually influenced by opinions, but what we IMAGINE the opinions of others to be"
43
What was Harlow's experiment?
- Money experiment looking at attachments between mother and child
44
What is the dramaturgical approach?
"- Erving Goffman's term for the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance
- People want to control and guide how they are seen
1. Front stage - when people are in a social setting
- Impression management
2. Back stage - more private when acting is over"
45
"What is the difference between a:
1. Utilitarian organization
2. Normative organization
3. Coercive organization "
"1. Utilitarian organization - members are paid/ rewarded for efforts (business)
2. Normative organization - members come together through shared interest/ goals (religion)
3. Coercive organization - Dont have choice about membership (military/prison)"
46
What were the Hawthorne studies?
- verified that workers were motivated by factors other than money
47
How do organizations maximize efficiency?
"- Bureaucracy (rules structures and rankings)
1. Bureaucratization - organization becomes increasingly governed by laws and policies
- Webers 6 characteristics
2. Iron rule of oligarchy (Michels)- even most democratic organization become bureaucratic overtime
- Large organizations are ruled by a few elite
3. McDonaldization - dominate other organizations"
48
What was Webers 6 ideal bureacracy?
"1. Division of labor
2. Hierarchy of organization
3. Written rules and regulations
4. Impersonality
5. Employment based on technical qualifications
6. Large scale"
49
What is the difference between macro and microsociology?
"1. Macro - large scale perspective
- Looking at phenomena that affect big portions of populations (poverty, war, healthy care, economy)
- Functionalism - look at society as a whole and how institutions that make up society adapt to keep society stable (Durkheim)
- Conflict theory - society is made of institutions that benefit powerful and create inequalities
- Feudalism --> capitalism --> socialism (Marx)
2. Micro - face to face interactions
- Look at sample of society and how individuals interactions would affect larger groups
- Symbolic interactionism - focuses on individual and significance they give to objects, events, symbols"
50
What is the difference between capitalism and socialism?
"1. Capitalism - private ownership of production with market economy based on supply and demand
2. Socialism - what benefits society as a whole (common ownership to meet needs and economic demand)"
51
What is webers law?
"- the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)
- ie: notice a phone light up in a dark room but not in a light room"
52
What is the signal detection theory?
- predicts how and when a person will detect the presence of a given sensory stimulus amidst all of the other sensory stimuli in the background
53
What is perception? and what are the two types?
"- The way sensory information is organized and interpreted to create conscious experience (meaning)
1. Top down - interpretation of sensations influenced by available knowledge, experience and thoughts
2. Bottom up - Perceptions are built from sensory input"
54
What is social facilitation?
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
55
What is deindividuation?
"- the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
- Abnormal collective behavior (mobs)"
56
What is social control
"- attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior
- Bring its members back into line with cultural norms"
57
What is the difference between group think and group polarization?
"1. Group polarization - Tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme that initial inclination of members
2. Group think - Desire for harmony or conformity results in incorrect or deviant decision making"
58
What is the difference between folkways, mores and taboos?
"1. Folkways - informal rules and norms that while not offensive to violate are expected to be followed
2. Mores/taboo - informal rules that are not written but when violated result in severe punishments"
59
What is anomie?
"- Decrease in social solidarity
| - Break down in standards and values"
60
"What is the difference between:
1. Fads
2. Riots
3. Rumors
4. Mass hysteria "
"1. Fads - Craze (quick and popular)
2. Riots - disorganized groups lashing out occur bc of perceived grievance or dissent
3. Rumors - unverified account or explanation
4. Mass hysteria - panic from public"
61
What is the difference between prejudice, stereotype and discrimination?
"1. Stereotype - Cognitive
- Typically occurs without conscious awareness
- Expectations and beliefs about characteristics
2. Prejudice - where a judgement is being made
- Emotional response
3. Discrimination - behavioral component
- Actions"
62
What are the components that contribute to prejudice?
"1. Power - ability to get others to do what you want (measure of how much control one has)
2. Prestige - reputation or esteem associated with ones position in society (closely tired to social class)
3. Class - grouping of individuals on stratified social hierarchy"
63
What is a schema and how does it affect roles?
"- schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently
- Role schema makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave"
64
What is altruism?
"- Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
| - ie: do something that lowers your fitness but increases others (bees taking care of the queen)"
65
What is the Thomas Theorem?
"- situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences
- How prejudice and discrimination work ofof of each other"
66
What is functionalism?
"- The study of the structure and function of each part of society
- Parts work together to promote solidarity and stability"
67
What is conflict theory?
"- MARX
- views society as competing groups that act according to their self interests rather than out of need for equilibrium
- Competing for resources
- deviant behaviors result from social, political, or material inequalities of a social group
- People act deviant to change their circumstances
- focuses on the distribution of resources, power, and inequality"
68
What is symbolic interactionism?
"- the study of the ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols
1. human beings act toward things on the basis of the meanings that things have for them
2. these meanings arise out of social interaction
3. social action results from a fitting together of individual lines of action
- Humans are distinct from animals bc of this"
69
What is social constructionism?
"- focuses on how individuals in a society develop jointly constructed understandings of the world
- Institutions and actions description not cause and effect
- Reality is reproduced by people acting on their interpretations of what they perceive the world to be"
70
What are the two exchange-rational choice theories?
"1. Social exchange theory - we form relationships bc they are necessary
- Do so by looking out for our best interests by exchanging goods
- Based on rational choice theory
2. Rational choice theory - individuals make rational choices through cost benefit analysis"
71
What are the foundational ideas of feminist theory?
"1. Scientific practice is subjective - must look at our own conscious and unconscious bias, perspectives, beliefs and values
2. Personal is political - experiences are shaped by our social location within an existing system of oppression and privilege
- Must understand and change
3. Everything is more than one thing - everything is connected"
72
What are the different types of feminists?
"1. Liberal - men = women
2. Marxist/social - oppression of women bc of capitalism (economic inequality) and patriarchy
3. Radical, separatists, cultural
- All believe women oppressed by patriarchal society
- Radical - men are not oppressed, want fundamental reorganization of society bc its inherently patriarchal
- Separatists - women must separate themselves from men
- Cultural - empowering women through + qualities (childbirth, morality, peace, pureness)
4. Black feminists - many inequalities not just gender
- Experience based on location
5. Queer feminists AKA postmodern - Gender and sex are changing"
73
What is the hidden curriculum?
"- transmitting social norms, attitudes, and beliefs to students through the informal education institution
- ie: cant do everything so have to pick and choose
- Causes anxiety/frustration/depression/alienation"
74
What is the difference between a cult, sects, denomination and Churches?
"1. Church - More influence over society, more stable, lack of discourse, dominance
2. Cult - small religious groups lacking organization and emphasizing private personal beliefs
- Arise spontaneously around novel beliefs and practices
- Want to keep members at all costs
3. Sect - Smaller, new offshoot of a religion
- Members can leave
4. Denomination - subgroup within a relgion that operates under a common name, tradition and identity"
75
What is the difference between secularization and fundamentalism?
"- Secularization - become less religious or separated from religion
- Fundamentalism - returning to founding principles = more religious"
76
What is the difference between a caste system and a class system?
"1. Caste system = closed
- Stratification based on ascription/ birth
2. Class system = open
- Developing peoples talents based on birth and individual acheivement"
77
What is the difference between false consciousness and class consciousness?
```
"1. False consciousness - explanations of social problems as the shortcomings of individuals rather than the flaws of society
2. Class consciousness - workers recognize themselves as a class unified in opposition to capitalists and the systme"
```
78
What is structural functionalism theory?
"- Describes ways that different parts of society work together
- different elements of society work together to keep the society functioning
- Has a relatively positive outlook on the status quo"
79
What is the difference between an organization and a group?
"1. Organizations have their own goals and cultures
- are larger than a group
- Continue to function even after some members leave or quit
- DO NOT have to have hierarchical structures, but typically do
2. Groups - groups do not function after some members leave or quit"
80
What is the difference between manifest and latent functions?
"1. Manifest functions are those with intended consequences
2. Latent functions are those with unintended consequences.
- The manifest consequence of a big public school is to educate the populace while its latent function is to provide jobs to the community."
81
What are the four primary tenets of medical ethics?
"1. Beneficence - a doctor has responsibility to act in the best interests of the patient
2. Justice - a doctor has a responsibility to give healthcare service fairly and justly, as in, to not give one patient worse care than another
3. Non-maleficence - (a doctor has a responsibility to not harm a patient
4. Respect for autonomy - a doctor has a responsibility to respect the wishes of a patient, though there are some exceptions, like when a patient has a psychiatric illness or disorder that obscures rational thinking"
82
What are the four stages of demographic transitions?
"1. Stage 1, a society is preindustrial and has high fertility and mortality rates
2. Stage 2, a society sees significant enough improvements in healthcare, sanitation, nutrition, and wages that the mortality rates drops
3. Stage 3, a society sees a decrease in fertility rate due to a move from an agricultural to an industrial economy, as well as improvements in contraception and women's rights.
- In order for children to be productive in society, they must go to school for many years. Furthermore, they may need to be supported by their parents for longer than they formerly were, which encourages families to have fewer children.
4. Stage 4, a society becomes fully industrialized and both fertility and mortality rates are low."
