Day 1: Chem Review Flashcards

Question

What is a Hetrocyclic ring?

Answer 1

A ring stucture that contains more than one type of atom at one of the vertices in the ring. (this "other" atom is referred to as the "heteroatom") Most common heteroatoms are: oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur

Answer 2

O (II) oxa S (II) thia N (III) aza

Answer 3

Pyrrole Heterocyclic ring found in drugs

Answer 4

Imidazole heterocyclic ring found in drugs

Answer 5

Furan Heterocyclic ring found in drugs

Answer 6

Thiophene Heterocyclic ring found in drugs

Answer 7

Oxazole Heterocyclic ring found in drugs

Answer 8

Pyridine Heterocyclic ring found in drugs

Answer 9

Pyrimidine Heterocyclic ring found in drugs

Answer 10

Piperidine Heterocyclic ring found in drugs

Answer 11

4H-pyran Heterocyclic ring found in drugs

Answer 12

1,4 dioxane Heterocyclic ring found in drugs

Answer 13

Indole Bicyclic ring system

Answer 14

Benzimidazole Bicyclic ring System

Answer 15

Purine Bicyclic ring system

Answer 16

Benzoxazole bicyclic ring system

Answer 17

1H- 1,4 benzodiazepine bicyclic ring system

Answer 18

Naphthalene Bicyclic ring system

Answer 19

Mostly the polarity; depedning on whether a compound a is water soluble or lipid soluble you can expect differences in if, where, and how fast it is absorded or distrupited

Answer 20

Anything that dissolves

Answer 21

It will more easily pass thro biological membranes (composed of a lipid bilayer) but the less easily it will dissolve in aqueous solution. \*\* may also tend to deposit in fatty tissue (like dissolves like)

Answer 22

Will dissolve more easily but may have difficulty passing thro lipid membranes

Answer 23

tending to repel or fail to mix with water.

Answer 24

having no electrical polarity

Answer 25

tending to combine with or dissolve in lipids or fats

Answer 26

refers to the capability of a substance or compound to dissolve in lipids, fats, or oils, lipids

Answer 27

A vitamin that can dissolve in fats and oils. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with fats in the diet and can be stored in the body’s fatty tissue. They come from plant and animal foods or dietary supplements. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble

Answer 28

having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water

Answer 29

A polar molecule has a net dipole as a result of the opposing charges (i.e. having partial positive and partial negative charges) from polar bonds arranged asymmetrically.

Answer 30

able to be dissolved in water

Answer 31

Applies to charges and partial charges. Positive and negative charges attract each other. EX: water is a polar solvent with a permanent dipole. Postive charges will be attracted to the electronegative oxygen atom of water while negative charges will move towards the more electopostive hydrogen atoms

Answer 32

Intermolecular force Found in virtually all molecules; weakest type of interaction. As atoms apporach each other they induce temporary dipoles in each other resulting in induced sipode-indiced dipole interactions

Answer 33

Intermolecular force Very specific; only occur between certain atom types its formed between a hydrogen atom which is attached to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom Drugs which are capable of hydrogen bonding are much more likely to be soluble in water

Answer 34

In biological system, free ions are well hydrated (surrounded by water). Consequently, in solution, ion pair interactions are on the order of 5 kcal/mol

Answer 35

Association of non-polar groups with each other in aqueous solution. Dominate force in protein folding and plays a role in three dimensional structure of proteins. An entropic effect: wants to get away from water, and get together with other hydrophobic things Importance of hydrophobic interactions is seen in many areas including stabilizing drug-protein binding, drug receptor interactions as well as stabilizing protein structure

Answer 36

Comes from 'carbon hydrate' since many of them have chemical formula (CH₂O)_n most abundant organic compounds found in nature and represent the major dietary component

Answer 37

Sugars - monosaccharides (e.g. glucose)

Answer 38

Disaccharides (sucrose = fructose-glucose)

Answer 39

Glycogen: storage in animal cells (mostly muscle and liver) Starch: dietary carbohydrate component can be digested Fiber: dietary carbohydrate component can NOT be digested

Answer 40

Used as fuel in metabolism; glucose is burned to generate energy for cells. By products: CO₂ and H₂O but the point is it creates ATP Glycogen is stored in the liver (80 g) and in muscle (150 g) as reserve of glucose

Answer 41

Compounds that are insoluble in water. Most are found as triglycerides and these are stored in adipose tissue for use as fuel. Can be oxidized to produce energy and are a major source of fuel, secondary to carbs In starvation, triglycerides become the predominant source of oxidative fuel

Answer 42

Fatty acids are not all alike. Some fatty acids are essential in the diet (polyunsaturated FA) whereas other are unhealthy (trans fatty acids)

Answer 43

Saturated Fatty acid healthy; doesnt kink and allows for better absorption

Answer 44

Unsaturated fatty acid Unhealthy; has kinks are is not absorbed the highlighted red at 6 means it it an omega-6 fatty acid

Answer 45

Third major dietary component which plays minor role in terms of fuel metabolism. Functions: primarily functional; serve as enzymes, receptors, hormones, muscle fibers. No major storage form

Answer 46

NOT a major dietary component and are not used in fuel. Mostly as storage molecules of info.

Answer 47

Nucleotides (sugar + base+ phosphate) also serve as co-factors and signaling molecules

Answer 48

They are very hydrophobic Major dietry steroid is cholesterol; which plays a role in cell membranes and is used in the synthesis of steroid hormones and bile acids

Answer 49

Steroid chem structure

Answer 50

Compounds required in small amounts in order to maintain proper functioning of cells Can not be synthesized from other dietary raw mats or their metabolites

Answer 51

Water soluble (B, C viamins) Lipid Soluble ( A,D,E and K) usually modified from their original form to their active form in the body the active form, they play an essential role as coenzymes in a variety of reactions

Answer 52

Simplest class Monovalent or bivalent cations or anions that play a role physiological actions. cations: (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca⁺⁺) and anion (Cl^-) play a role as electrolytes

Answer 53

Ions that are used as charges to modulaye tje electrostatic potential of membranes whihc controls the firing of neurons and action of muscle.

Answer 54

Ca⁺⁺role in cell signaling Mg⁺⁺ as a catalysit in a variety of enzymes and plays a key structural role in stablizing DNA

Answer 55

Plays a critical role in buffering and maintenance of physiological pH.

Answer 56

140mEq/L 14 mEq/L

Answer 57

4 mEq/L 140 mEq/L

Answer 58

3 mEq/L \<1 mEq/L

Answer 59

2 mEq/L 40 mEq/L

Answer 60

105 mEq/L 4 mEq/L

Answer 61

24 mEq/L 10 mEq/L

Answer 62

4 mEq/L 75 mEq/L

Answer 63

30mg/dL 200 mg/dL

Answer 64

5 mEq/L 40 mEq/L

Answer 65

7.4 is plasma

Answer 66

136-145 mEq/L

Answer 67

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Answer 68

96-106 mEq/L

Answer 69

24-30 mEq/L

Answer 70

1.5-2.2 mEq/dL

Answer 71

8.5-10.8 mg/dL

Answer 72

70-110 mg/dL

Answer 73

2.6-4.5 mg/dL

Answer 74

Carbs Proteins Nucleic acids

Answer 75

Carbs Lipids Proteins

Answer 76

You can form chains; in theroy they could be endless Proteins = long strings of amino acids carb = glycogen = lots of strings of glucose together

Answer 77

Steroid peptide catecholamine protein amino acid fatty acid ion

Answer 78

Hormone neurotransmitter enzyme receptor channel pump ligand electrolyte

Answer 79

Cholesterol and gives us our sex hormones as well as a digestive aid from giving bile acids/salts Bile salts: is slightly water liking, so in stomach it brings together fats and takes them to the enzymes which will break them down

Answer 80

Na K Ca Mg Cl HCO3 Phosphates amino acids Proteins Glucose pH

Day 1: Chem Review Flashcards

(105 cards)