Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharm- oncology/anemia > day 1 oncology > Flashcards

day 1 oncology Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Most common types of cancer?

A

Breast, prostate, lung, colon, lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Most common cancer deaths?

A

Lung, colon, breast, prostate, pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is cancer?

A

• Disease caused by accumulated mutations in DNA that alter cell function
this gives cancer cells growth advantages over nml cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is cancer bad?

A

As cancers grow they invade other areas/ organs of the body

becomes a burden which causes organ failure/ death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a primary tumor

A

original mass of cancer cells of solid tumor in a body orgam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

benign tumors

A

are abnormal tumor growth but is not as invasive or fatal as malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is cancer treated?

A 
localized therapy treatment
systemic therapies (2)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

2 types of localized therapy treatments?

A
  • Surgery

* Radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 types of chemotherapy

A

– Traditional chemo
monoclonal antibodies
targeted angents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is immunomodulation

A

Stem cell transplantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are 3 goals if treating with surgery?

A

– Hope for complete removal of tumor
sometime remove tumor/organ
remove troublesome metastases
cant use in hematologic malignancies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is radiation therapy

A

alone or combo therapy with surgery or chemo

exposes the patients to radioactive energy that destroys cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chemotherapy involves what?

A

Involves use of drugs with various MOA that disrupts cancer cell functions
IV or oral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is chemotherapy used?

A

Many types of chemo target mechanisms of cell function that block cancer cell growth and division
most active against rapidly growing tumors that have active growth mechanics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Traditional chemotherapy targets what?

A

mechanics of cell divisions

DNA, RNA, spindle fiber formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

newer chemotherapy targets what?

A

Newer target specific proteins that are required for various cancer cell functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Principles of cancer chemotherapy– Log cell kinetics

A

– A given treatment kills a constant fraction of cells
subsequent doses reduce the cancer burden proportionally over time
more cells killed= the higher chance for cure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Principles of cancer chemotherapy– Gompertzian model

A

Growth fraction of a tumor is not constant
growth fraction decreases as tumor gets larger
results in decrease number of cells susceptible to chemo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

1st line primary therapy

A

Used in advanced cancer cases in which other treatments would not be effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy

A

Used prior to the use of local therapies to improve their effect by reducing the size of the tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Adjuvant chemotherapy

A

Used after local therapies to improve their long term effect by eliminating any remaining undetected cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Dose density is what?

A

Giving repeated doses of multiple chemotherapy agents over a period of time
regular exposure gives a wave like approach to killing cancer cells over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Definition of cure

A

a sustained cancer free period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Defition of control

A

reduce cancer burden
prevent extension of cancer
extend survival
cure unlikely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Definition of palliation?
reduce symptoms of disease improve QOL prolong survival cure not likely
26
Defition of remission?
when we cant detect cancer we call this REMISSION. if remission last about 5 yrs we call it a cure BUT doesnt mean the cancer cant come back
27
4 responses to treatment?
complete remission cure partial response treatment failure/progression of disease
28
How do you determine the response of treatment
Physical exam tests: xray, CT scan, MRI blood tests tumor markers/ proteins in blood
29
Mutations within cancer cells could?
– Block chemo actions block uptake of chemo into the cells facilitate excessive transport of drug back out of the cell
30
Difference between primary and acquired resistance to chemotherapy
``` primary= cancer was never susceptable to the chemo acquired= cancer changed and no longer responds ```
31
Chemotherapy resistances
mutations drug interactions could decrease exposure to chemo within the patients body Calculated dose does not match pts body characteristics (obese pt)
32
What are the 3 treatment options if primary treatment is unsuccessful?
salvage treatment--> giving second line agent stem cell transplant investigational therapies
33
What are the 2 types of stem cell transplant?
autologous SCT | allogenic SCT
34
Autologous SCT
high dose chemo followed by reinfusion of patients own stem cells
35
Allogenic SCT
completely changing the pts immune system—give them stem cells from a healthy donor
36
2 targets of new chemotherapy
• Tyrosine kinase | growth factor receptors
37
3 targets of traditional chemotherapy?
• DNA/RNA mechanics of cell division DNA polymerase
38
Alkalating agents are what?
groups of molecules that trasfer an alkalating group to other molecules disrupt normal DNA structure by altering atomic interactions and prevents use of DNA as a blueprint for cell division
39
What do alkalating agents target?
sulfydryl, amino, hydroxyl | phosphate group on DNA
40
What are some examples of alkalating agents?
``` Lomustine Cyclophosphamide Mechlorethamine Bendamustine Melphalan Temozolomide Thiotepa Dacarbazine Procarbazine ```
41
What are the uses of alkalating agents?
Cyclophosphamide: breast CA, lymphoma, leukemia, myeloma melphalan: myeloma procarbazine: lymphoma
42
Mechanisms that reduce susceptibility to alkalayting agents
– Increase repair of damaged DNA | decrease transport of alkalating agent into cell
43
Common Adverse effects of alkalating agents
``` – Bone marrow toxicity mucositis N/V sterility tissue damage following extravasation risk of secondary malignancies ```
44
MOA of platinum analogs
binding DNA and form intra and interstrand crosslinks | bind to cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins required for cell function
45
3 examples of platinum analogs
Cisplatin Carboplatin Oxaliplatin
46
uses of platinum analogs
• Cisplatin and carboplatin- lung, esophagus, ovary, head, neck, bladder oxaliplatin- more commonly used for colorectal
47
Adverse effects of Cisplatin
renal toxicity, N/V anemia ototoxicity
48
carboplatin adverse effect
myelosuppression
49
oxaliplatin adverse effects (3)
neurotoxicity, diarrhea, myelosuppression
50
What is antimetabolite?
Antimetabolites are molecules that substitute for actual components of metabolic process * inhibits cell processes that produce components of DNA * *S phase specific
51
examples of antimetabolites?
``` methotrexate 5-FU 6-MP Fludarabine Gemcitabine cytarabine capecitabine ```
52
Uses of antimetabolites
``` • Methotrexate: leukemia, lymphoma, breast CA, RA pemetrexed- lung CA 5-FU- colorectal, breast CA cytarabine- leukemia, lymphoma gem- pancreas, bladder, breast capecitabine- breast cancer ```
53
Leucovorin
no anticancer action reduced form of folic acid mimics action of tetrahydrofolate
54
2 key uses of Leucovorin
– Reduce methotrexate toxicity by rescuing normal cells | increase 5-FU activity against colon cancer
55
Adverse effects of animetabolites
Methotrexate: diarrhea, mucositis, myelosupprssion pemetrexed- rash, diarrhea, PPE 5-FU- diarrhea, mucositis, myelosupprssion cytarabine- N/V, pulmonary toxicity gem- diarrhea, N/V, myelosupprssion capecitabine- PPE N/V, diarrhea
56
What is palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia treated with?
dexamethazone
57
Chemo derived from natural products
– Vinca alkaloids taxanes epipodophyllotoxins camptothecins
58
MOA of vinca alkaloids
Inhibit tubulin polymerization required for microtubule assembly blocks cell division during metaphases and causes cell death
59
Uses of vinca alkaloids
• Vincristine: leukemia, lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma vinblastin- germ cell cancer, leukemia, lymphoma vinorelbine- lung breast ovary
60
Adverse effects of vinca alkaloids
``` • Alopecia • Neurotoxicity constipation myelosuppression vesicant action of extravasation ```
61
MOA of taxanes
Act by promoting microtubule formation prevents spindle fibers from retracting blocks completion of cell division causing cell death
62
Uses of taxanes
• Paclitaxel: ovary, lung, prostate, breast cabazitaxel- prostate ixabepilone- breast
63
adverse effects of taxanes
• Myelosuppression • Hypersensitivity reactions peripheral neuropathy fluid retention

Pharm- oncology/anemia (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions