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equinee > Day 1 (to and with radiography) > Flashcards

Day 1 (to and with radiography) Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Ancillary Dx methods

A
  • Tubing
  • Ultrasonography
  • Endoscopy
  • Radiography
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2
Q

Physical exaams

A

Inspection Palpation Auscultation Percussion Olfaction Measurement

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3
Q

Permanent vs non-permanent data

A

examples

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4
Q

White marks on the head (7)

A

Stripes
Star
Blaze
White face
Snip
Flesh marks
White muzzle

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5
Q

Distant examinations

A

Size
Conformation
Body condition (1 - 9)
Posture
Gait
Behaviour and demeanour
- Excitation states
- Depression states
Obvious pathological changes

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6
Q

Rectal temp

A

Adult horse: 37.0 – 38.0 C
Foal: 37.5 – 38.5 C

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7
Q

Pulse and HR

A

Adult: 28 – 42 beats per minute (BPM)

Foal At birth: 60 – 80 BPM
0 – 2 hours: 120 – 150 BPM
12 hours: 80 – 120 BPM
24 hours: 80 – 100 BPM
1 – 7 days: 60 – 100 BPM
1 w- 6 month: 40 – 60 BPM

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8
Q

Palpation of pulse

A

Facial artery
Transverse facial artery
Medial and lateral digital artery

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9
Q

RR

A

10 – 18 breaths/minute

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10
Q

Sequence of physical examination

A

Skin
Lymphnodes
Mucous membranes
Respiratory system
Cardiovascular system
Gastrointestinal system
Urinary system
Genital system
Haematopoietic system
Endocrine system
Locomotory system
Nervous system

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11
Q

Primary skin lesions (8)

A

Macule
Papule/plaque
Vesicule
Pustule
Urtiaria
Nodule
Tumor
Cyst

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12
Q

Secondary skin lesions (10)

A

Alopecia
Scaling
Crusting
Scar
Erosion
Ulcer
Lichenification
Fissure
Hypo-/hyperpigmentation
Necrosis

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13
Q

Types of skin biopsies

A

Shave b
Punch b
Wedge b
Excisional b

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14
Q

Palpable Ln in normal horse

A

Mandibular lnn (Y-shaped, lobulated) and Superficial inguinal lnn

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15
Q

Palpable ln when enlarged

A

Laterar retropharyngeal ln and Superf. cervical ln

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16
Q

Ln by rectal palpation

A

Ileosacral ln and mesenteric ln

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17
Q

Abnormal mm (4)

A

Dark pink - SI strangulation
Red - Grass sickness
Red + toxic rim - Colitis
Yellow - icterus

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18
Q

Resp exam: steps

A

Nose and paranasal sinuses
Guttural pouches
Gough
Larynx
Trachea
Thorax

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19
Q

Diseases of the maxillary sinus

A

Most frequent, often upper teeth disease

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20
Q

Guttoral pouch - communication and exam

A

no coms, inspection, palpation, percussion (resonant)

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21
Q

Induction of cough

A
  • Press the arytenoid cartilage of larynx
  • Press the first tracheal rings
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22
Q

Exam of larynx and trachea

Study These Flashcards
A

Inspection, palpation, auscultation
Mild stridor on ausc is normal on larynx
Laryngeal noise is audible in a weaker form on auscultation of trachea

23
Q

Normal lung border

Study These Flashcards
A

o Deltoids tuberosity: 7th ICS
o Point of shoulder: 10th ICS
o Ischiadic tuber: 14th ICS
o Tuber coxae: 16th ICS

24
Q

Location of the heart

Study These Flashcards
A

2nd to 6th intercostal space

25
Location of heart beat
Left side: 3rd – 5th ICS Right side: 3rd to 4th ICS
26
Heart sound - S1
Beginning of systole Caused by the initial movement of the ventricle, the abrupt arrest of blood flow as AV valves tense, and the early part of ejection
27
Heart sound - S2
End of systole Caused by the change in direction of blood flow, closing the semilunar valves
28
Heart sounds - S3
Termination of rapid ventricular filling Commonly heard at or caudal and dorsal to the apex beat
29
Heart sounds - S4
Atrial contraction and sudden arrest of the distended ventricle
30
Systolic murmur
Caused by blood flow in aorta and pulmonary artery in early systole Left side of thorax PMI over aortic or pulmonary valves Grade 1-3/6 Early to midsystolic Intensity may change with exercise
31
Diastolic murmur
Caused by ventricular filling Common in young horses and thoroughbreds Left side of thorax PMI over mitral area Grade 1.3/6 Early diastolic (S2-S3) or late diastolic (S4-S1) Quality is often musical/squeaking
32
Point of maximum intensities
Pulmonary – left 3rd ICS below point of shoulder Aortic – left 4th ICS below point of shoulder Mitral – left 5th ICS halfway between shoulder and sternum Tricuspid – right 4th ICS
33
Cardiac blood tests
AST, CK (MM) and LDH (LDH1) levels, and isoenzymes Tests for cardiac troponin I and T are available in horses
34
Exam of abdomen - Ausc (normal)
Left side - Dorsal third: dulled tympanic - Medium third: dulled tympanic - Ventral third: dulled Right side - Dorsal third: tympanic - Medium third: dulled tympanic - Ventral third: dulled
35
Exam of liver
- Serum levels of hepatic enzymes - Bile salts - Ammonia - Glucose - Bilirubin - Clotting factors - Plasma proteins Physical exam is impossible, use US or x-ray
36
Exam pancreas
Use parameters - Serum amylase and lipase activity - Peritoneal fluid amylase activity (not specific)
37
Where to perform US of stomach
Left side 10th-15th ICS
38
Indications of abdominal US (9)
Colic Weight loss, anorexia Pyrexia → fever Leukocytosis, leucopenia Elevated plasma fibrinogen Abnormal X-ray findings Elevated liver enzymes Elevated kidney values Abnormal peritoneal fluid
39
Methods of physical exam - neurological diseases (7)
Inspection Palpation Postural reactions Vertebral reflexes Cranial nerves Sensitivity Pain perception
40
Ancillary methods - neuro
Neuroradiography - Plain - Myelography - Angiography (cerebral and vertebral) Nuclear scintigraphy → x - ray Computed tomography Magnetic resonance image Electroencephalography (electromyelography) Laboratory tests – blood, urine, CSF
41
Head posture and coordination
Vestibular lesion: head tilt Cerebral lesion: deviation of head and neck toward the side of the lesion Cerebellar lesion: jerky movements during voluntary motion and fine tremor when at rest (intention tremor)
42
Olfactory nerve
Evaluation of smell
43
Optic nerve
Menace reflex, test for vision
44
Trigeminal nerve
evaluation of facial cutaneous sensation palpebral reflex Corneal reflex ability to chew, movements of the jaw
45
Facial nerve
evaluation of facial symmetry and movement palpebral and corneal reflex
46
Vestibulocochlear nerve
evaluation of hearing evaluation of balance
47
Hypoglossal nerve
evaluation of tongue function
48
Menance reflex
one of three forms of blink reflex – reflex blinking that occurs in response to the rapid approach of an object
49
Horner's syndrome
upper palpebral ptosis, hyperthermia and unilateral sudoresis of the face and variable regions of the neck and trunk also enopthalamos, third eyelid protrusion and miosis
50
Glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves
- swallowing reflex o feeding and watering test o nasogastric tubing o endoscopy - slap test
51
Oculomotor nerve
pupillary light reflexes
52
Reflexes to check on recumbent horse (5)
forelimb flexor reflex biceps reflex triceps reflex hind limb flexor reflex - tibial (plantar aspect of the metatarsus) - peroneal (dorsal part of the tarsus and metatarsus) - femoral (medial thigh region) patellar reflex
53
interpretation of a horse’s ability to move its head, neck and limbs when recumbent
- if the horse can lift only its head, the lesion is in the cranial cervical region - if the horse can raise its head and neck, the lesion is in the caudal cervical region - if the horse cannot rise into a sitting position (dog-sitting position) the lesion is in the cervical cord - If the thoracic limbs are functional, the lesion is caudal to T2 - If the deficit is in the trunk or hind limbs, the lesion is located between T2 and S2 - Localized sweating indicates a lesion in the descending sympathetic tracts
54
Urine analysis
Physical exam (color, odor, clarity, viscosity, specific gravity) Reagent strip analysis (urine dipstick test) Sediment examination Enzymuria --> GGT, ALP, LDH Fractional clearance of electrolytes (w/serum) Bacterial culture Clarity: usually turbid (CaCO3 and mucus) – if it is clear this can be a sign of polyuria Specific gravity – measured with hand held refractometry - <1008 g/L (hyposthenuria) - 1008-1014 g/L (isosthenuria) - >1014 g/L (hypersthenuria) - Normal urine: >1020-1025 g/L

equinee (24 decks)

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