Day 4 Flashcards
Procedures
An instrument approach is a series of predetermined maneuvers for the orderly transfer of an aircraft under instrument flight conditions
An Instrument Approach Procedure (IAP) is categorized as wither PRECISION or NON-PRECISION dependent upon the approach equipment and aircraft equipment that is utilized
Instrument Approaches include:
- Lateral guidance
- Vertical guidance
- Range information
- visual information
- 4 segments to published Instrument Approach Procedures
- Initial approach segment - segment between initial approach fix (IAF) and intermediate fix (IF). Labeled on the plan view of approach plates Nd ID the beginning of initial approach segment
- Intermediate approach segment - segment between intermediate fix or point and final approach fix including course reversals.
- The final approach segment -segment between final approach fix/point and the missed approach point
- Missed Approach segment - segment between missed approach point and missed approach fix at the prescribed altitude
Feeder route - has an altitude, direction and distance
Cannot go to the initial approach fix unless cleared for the approach
Could be vectored in by ATC
Intermediate segment course reversal
As necessary, course reversals are initiated during the intermediate segments. Is used to reverse the arrival course to establish aircraft on the intermediate segment or final approach course
“Procedure turn” reversal:
- depicted on the plane view chart as a barb symbol indicating direction/side of the OUTBOUND course
- no procedure turn barb means that a procedure turn is not authorized
- procedure turn types: teardrop, standard 45* turn, 80/260 course reversal, holding pattern in lieu of PT
“Holding in lieu of procedure turn:
- a hold pattern waiting for further clearance
Course reversal restrictions
- Do not exceed the remain within distance (on horizontal view)
- Maintain minimum altitude or higher until established on the intermediate fix (IF) or final approach segment
- Do not execute either the procedure turn or holding pattern if:
- ATC gives clearance for straight in approach
- when flying the approach via the no PT routing
- when the aircraft is established in holding and cleared for the approach and the holding course and PT are the same
- when ATC provides radar vectoring to final approach course
- when ATC clears the aircraft for a timed approach
Procedure Track
- when a specific flight oath is required, the procedure turn is replaced by a procedural track symbology used to depict flight oath between the IAF and the FAF. Heavy black line, shows aircraft ground track that MUST be conformed to
More procedures
Final approach fix - final approach segment begins atbthe final approach fix (FAF). Depending on precision of non-precision, the FAF will be one of the following:
- glide slope intercept
- maltese cross
- final approach point (FAP)
- Symbols can be found in the PROFILE VIEW of the approach plate
DA/MDA - descent down to the published approach altitude landing minima altitude begins at the FAF. Depending on the approach’s classification, the landing minima will be described (approach plate) as either a Decision Altitude (DA) or a Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA). Before descending from final approach fix, to the DA or MDA, you must be:
- Cleared for approach
- Established on the final approach course
- Positioned at the FAF, or positioned inbound at the FAP within the distance specified in the profile view
- don’t forget any step-down altitudes!
Missed Approach Segment - Begins at the Missed Approach Point (MAP). The missed approach point can be either:
- the Decision Altitude (DA)
- Time and/or Distance from NAVAID
- NAVAID station passage
- a Flyover Waypoint (mandatory to fly over)
Missed approach segment ends after completion of the missed approach procedure described textually in the Pilot Briefing Section and in the Profile View.
Unless otherwise directed:
- standard instrument approach procedures: 200ft/NM
- Copter labeled approached: 400ft/NM
- After completion of missed approach procedure, your missed approach options will require new ATC clearance (but not a new flight plan)
- when the decision to execute a missed approach is made, advise as soon as practicable that a missed approach will be made, the reason for the missed (unless the missed was initiated by ATC) and request clearance for your desired course of action which may include:
- additional approaches provided fuel/reserve is adequate
- holding for improved weather conditions
- proceeding to your alternate airfield
Non-Precision Approach
Is a standard instrument approach procedure in which no precision electronic glide-slope is provided
Non-Precision approaches utilize a Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA)
MDA - lowest MSL to which descent is authorized on final approach or during a circle-to-land maneuver. A/C will not be flown below MDA unless the following exists:
- the approach threshold of the runway, or the approach lights or their markings, identifiable with the approach end of the runway or landing area, must be clearly visible to pilot
- A/C must be in a position from which a safe approach to the runway or landing area can be made
Lateral guidance
- Ground based or space based (G - VOR, NDB, Localizer; S - LP[localizer performance]RNAV, LNAV[lateral nav] RNAV)
HSI
- VOR = 2* per dot
- LOC = .5* per dot
- GPS = .06 NM per dot
Range information
- distance measuring equipment (DME)
- intersections
- waypoints
- marker beacons
- radar
Visual information will be provided through the use of ine or more of the following:
- runway markings
- approach lighting
- runway lighting
- visual glide-slope indicator (VGSI) lighting
Non-precision does not utilize electronic glide-slope
non-precision approach fix will be a Maltese Cross or a Final Approach Point (FAP)
Non-Precision missed approach point
- time and/or distance from FAF
- station passage of approach NAVAID
- flyover waypoint (GPS approaches only)
Non-precision by vectoring
- ATC provides heading guidance to intercept final approach course, and altitude guidance
Circle to land
- circling minimums apply when it is necessary to circle airport or maneuver for landing or when no straight-in minimums are specified on the approach chart
If you lose visual sight of runway, turn toward approach runway and execute missed approach procedure
Visual Descent Point (VDP) - defined point on the final approach course of a non-precision straight-in approach procedure (for FIXED WING)
Other approaches
- Visual Approach
- Contact Approach
- Charted Visual Flight Procedure Approach
- although visual conditions, must obtain clearance for these approaches and remain IFR
Visual approach is conducted on an IFR flight plan authorizing pilot to proceed visually and clear of clouds (not mandatory if VMC). Ceiling above 1000ft, 3SM vis
Contact approach - allows pilot to deviate from instrument approach and proceed visual, clear of clouds, 1SM vis, can reasonably expect to continue to destination airport in these conditions
