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DE Anatomy > DE Anatomy: chapter 12, 13, and 14 > Flashcards

DE Anatomy: chapter 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the blood?

A

it helps maintain the stability of the interstitial fluid, distributes heat, and transports substances between body cells and the external environment thereby promoting homeostasis.

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2
Q

liquid portion of blood

A

plasma

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3
Q

what percent of red blood cells are in the body?

A

45%

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4
Q

what percent of white blood cells are in the body?

A

1%

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5
Q

what percent of plasma is in the body?

A

55%

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6
Q

plasma is a mixture of…

A

water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular wastes.

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7
Q

an average size adult has a blood volume of…

A

5 liters (5.3 quarts)

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8
Q

what are red blood cells?

A

they are biconcave discs and have nuclei in early development

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9
Q

what is the RBC count range for adult males?

A

4,700,000 - 6,100,000 cells per microliter

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10
Q

What is the RBC count range for adult women?

A

4,200,000 - 5,400,000 cells per microliter

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11
Q

what is polycythermic ?

A

too many RBC’s

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12
Q

what is the average life span of an RBC?

A

120 days

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13
Q

hormones that control RBC formation through negative feedback

A

erythropoietin

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14
Q

what is anemia?

A

RBC deficiency

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15
Q

what destroys red blood cells?

A

macrophages (wandering cells)

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16
Q

what is the cycle of a red blood cell?

A
  1. small intestine absorbs nutrients
  2. blood transports absorbs nutrients
  3. RBC’s are produced in red bone marrow
  4. RBC’s circulate in blood stream for 120 days
  5. macrophages destroy RBC’s
  6. hepatocytes break down hemoglobin
  7. iron is recycled
  8. bile is secreted in small intestine
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17
Q

what do white blood cells (leukocytes) protect against?

A

diseases

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18
Q

what transports white blood cells to sites of infection?

A

blood

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19
Q

white blood cells with granular cytoplasm

A

grandylocytes

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20
Q

white blood cells without granular cytoplasm

A

agrandulocytes

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21
Q

what are the 5 types of white blood cells ?

A
  1. neutrophils: granulocytes that destroy small particles
  2. eosinophils: granulocytes that kills parasites and moderates allergic reactions
  3. basophils: granulocytes that releases heparin and histamine
  4. monocytes: agrandulocytes that destroys large particles
  5. lymphocytes: agrandulocytes that provides immunity (b and t cells educated in thymus)
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22
Q

what do blood platelets arise from?

A

megakaryocytes

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23
Q

what are the 3 types of plasma proteins?

A
  1. alburnins: help maintain colloid osmotic pressure
  2. globulin: alpha and beta transports lipids and fat soluble vitamins and gamma constitutes the antibodies of immunity
  3. fibrinogen: plays a key role in blood regulation
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24
Q

refers to the process that stops bleeding

A

hemostasis

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25
Q

forms blood clot

A

blood coagulation

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26
Q

what are the steps in blood platelet plug formation?

A
  1. break in blood vessel
  2. blood escaping through break
  3. platelets adhere to each other to end of the blood vessel and to exposed collagen
  4. platelet plug helps control blood loss
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27
Q

what is the major event in blood clot formation?

A

the conversion of the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen into insoluble threads of fibrin

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28
Q

the clear, yellow liquid that remains after the clot forms

A

serum

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29
Q

a blood clot of abnormally forming a vessel

A

thrombus

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30
Q

a clot that breaks loose and earned along blood flow

A

embolus

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31
Q

clumping of RBC’s

A

aggutination

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32
Q

what do antigens trigger?

A

immune response

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33
Q

what do antibodies attack?

A

unknown antigen

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34
Q

what are the antigens and antibodies for blood type A?

A

antigen: A
antibody: anti-b

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35
Q

what are the antigens and antibodies for blood type B?

A

antigen: B
antibody: anti-A

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36
Q

what are the antigens and antibodies for blood type AB?

A

antigen: A & B
antibody: neither anti-A or B

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37
Q

what are the antigens and antibodies for blood type O?

A

antigen: neither A nor B
antibody: both anti- A & B

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38
Q

what can blood type A receive and what are its alternatives?

A

can receive: A

alternative: O

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39
Q

what can blood type B receive and what are its alternatives?

A

can receive: B

alternative: O

40
Q

what can blood type AB receive and what are its alternatives?

A

can receive: AB

alternative: A, B, O

41
Q

what can blood type O receive and what are its alternatives?

A

can receive: O

alternatives: none

42
Q

what is Rh factors prevalent in?

A

Antigen D

43
Q

Rh antigens present of RBC membrane

A

Rh-positive

44
Q

Rh antigen not present

A

Rh-negative

45
Q

what are the types of anemia

A
  1. normocytic normachrome
  2. microyotic hypercromic
  3. macroyotic
46
Q

what are the causes of normocytic normachrome anemia?

A

aplastic anemia and acute blood loss

47
Q

what are the causes of microyotic hypercromic anemia?

A

iron deficiency (nutritional, chronic disease, chronic blood loss) and lead toxicity

48
Q

what are the causes of macroyotic anemia?

A

B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia, boriatric surgery) and folate acid deficiency

49
Q

what are the layers of the heart?

A
  1. pericardium : covers the heart
  2. epicardium
  3. myocardium
  4. endocardium
50
Q

what are the four valves of the heart?

A
  1. tricuspid valve
  2. pulmonary valve
  3. mitral valve
  4. aortic valve
51
Q

upper 2 chambers of the heart

A

atria

52
Q

lower 2 chambers of the heart

A

ventricles

53
Q

the right atrium receives blood from …

A

the venal, caval, and coronary sinus

54
Q

separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

55
Q

the right ventricle pumps blood where?

A

into the pulmonary trunk

56
Q

guards base of pulmonary trunk

A

pulmonary valve and in the right side of the heart

57
Q

the left atrium receives blood from where?

A

the pulmonary veins

58
Q

guards the base of the aorta and connects the left ventricle and aorta

A

aortic valve

59
Q

path of a drop of blood through the heart

A
  1. deoxygenated blood enters the RIGHT ATRIUM through the VENAE CAVAL
  2. as the RIGHT ATRIAL wall contracts, blood passes through the tricuspid valve and enters the RIGH VENTRICLE
  3. when the RIGHT VENTRICULAR wall contracts, the TRICUSPID VALVE closes, and blood follows to the PULMONARY VALVE into the PULMONARY TRUNK to the PULMONARY ARTERIES
  4. then blood enters the CAPILLARIES
  5. oxygen rich blood returns to the heart through the PULMONARY VEINS that lead the the LEFT ATRIUM.
  6. the LEFT ATRIUM wall contracts and blood moves through the MITRAL VALVE into the LEFT VENTRICLE
  7. when the LEFT VENTRICLE contracts, the mitral valve closes and blood passes through the AORTIC VALVE and into the AORTA and it branches.
60
Q

the first 2 branches of the aorta

A

left and right coronary artery (superior to the aortic valve)

61
Q

atria contracting

A

systiole

62
Q

ventricle contracting

A

diastole

63
Q

during a cardiac cycle, the pressure in the heart chambers…

A

rises and falls which often open and closes the valves.

64
Q

the pressure differences between the atria and ventricles opens what?

A

AV valve

65
Q

Lubb-dubb

A

lubb: systole
dubb: diastole

66
Q

coordinates the events if the cardiac cycle

A

cardiac conduction system

67
Q

what is the key portion of CCS?

A

the SA node (pacemaker) which is located in the right atrium near the opening of the superior venal caval

68
Q

what is the path of cardiac output?

A
  1. SA node
  2. atrial syncytium
  3. junctional fibers
  4. AV node
  5. AV bundles (bundles of his)
  6. bundle branches
  7. purkinjie fibers
  8. ventricular syncytium
69
Q

electrical pathway to heart

A
  1. SA node
  2. AV node
  3. bundles of his
  4. heart muscle
70
Q

atrial contraction

A

P wave

71
Q

depolarization of ventricles

A

QRS wave

72
Q

ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

73
Q

what 2 things affect the T wave?

A

calcium and potassium

74
Q

detects change in blood pressure

A

baroreceptors

75
Q

an excess of potassium ions in the blood

A

hyperkalemia

76
Q

a decrease of potassium in the blood

A

hypokalcemia

77
Q

an excess of calcium ions

A

hypercalcimia

78
Q

a decrease in calcium ions

A

hypocalcemia

79
Q

arteries connect the…

A

atriole walls

80
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

tunica interna

81
Q

muscular (smooth muscle)

A

tunica media

82
Q

connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers

A

tunica externa

83
Q

normal blood pressure is…

A

120 systolic

80 diastolic

84
Q

high blood pressure is…

A

140 systolic

90 diastolic

85
Q

factors that affect blood pressure

A
  1. blood volume increases
  2. increased heart rate
  3. stroke volume increase
  4. blood viscosity increases
86
Q

what is starlings law?

A

stroke volume x heart rate = cardiac output

87
Q

blood pressure =

A

cardiac output x perephial resistance

88
Q

what are the branches of the aorta?

A
  1. carotid
  2. subclavian
  3. brachial
  4. heptic portal
  5. renal
  6. two iliac
  7. femoral
  8. anterior tibealis
  9. posterior tibealis
  10. doralis peplis
89
Q

plexus of blood vessels at the base of the brain where the carotid feeds onto the posterior vertebral baslar artery

A

circle of willis

90
Q

2 types of lymphocytes

A

b cells and t cells (causes HIV)

91
Q

what are the layers of immunity?

A
  1. mechanical (skin)
  2. chemical (saliva, stomach acid, nose hairs)
  3. t cells and immunoglobins
92
Q

what are the types of immunity?

A
  1. species immunity
  2. active natural immunity
  3. active aquined immunity
  4. passive acquired immunity
93
Q

immunoglobins

A
  • 1g A => human secretions (saliva, tears)
  • 1g D => activated B cells
  • 1g E => allergies
  • 1g G => acute disease
  • 1g M => memory
94
Q

when do you develop hemoglobin?

A

when you’re a baby

95
Q

bilirubin can cause

A

jaindice

96
Q

the movement / passage of blood cells, especially white blood cells, through intact capillary walls into surrounding body tissue.

A

diapedesis

DE Anatomy (5 decks)

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