DEAF 383

Question 1

Contextualized/Context(8)

Answer 1

People, place and purpose, it is not possible to
determine the meaning of things in any language unless you have an
understanding of the culture and the language because together they give
words and signs their meaning. Remember that words and signs occur in a
specific time and place with certain people, that would be the context.

Question 2

Emotive Value(8)

Answer 2

Refers to the array of emotions visible in the communication,
whether signed or spoken, it can be identified in a raised voice, pronounced
facial expressions, or obvious posture.

Question 3

Mediate/Mediation(8)

Answer 3

Enables citizens from differing cultural and linguistic
communities to come together to foster personal interaction, communication
and understanding; mediation can help dissolve psychological and social
barriers that exclude certain people groups

Question 4

Worldview(8)

Answer 4

contains everything they know about the world around them

Question 5

Ways of being(8)

Answer 5

It is essential for interpreters to understand the ways of being among those for
whom they will interpret. This requires bilingual fluency in the languages
used by each people group, which demands that interpreters understand rules that
determine how that language is used, as well as the unwritten rules defining
acceptable behavior. This includes, among a myriad of other elements how
members of that culture interact with each other, take turns in conversations,
interrupt, and change the ways they use language based on where they are or who
is present. It also includes how they confirm understanding, and how they express
emotions when communicating with others who share their communication norms.

Question 6

Mundane(8)

Answer 6

It is necessary that sign language interpreters become experts in communicating the mundane. Learning how to ask, say and tell simple things in both of their
working languages is essential; like asking for a phone number and address, giving
directions or describing a person, building or location well enough for it to be
recognized. Mastery of such things may seem ridiculous but these foundational
skills pave the way for interpreting about sensitive and complex matters.

Question 7

Genuine meaning(8)

Answer 7

The interpretation must embody all of the nonverbal cues, such as the facial expression
or tone of voice that conveys the genuine meaning behind the signs and words. As
an interpreter, you cannot understand what another person really means unless
you can correctly identify the attitude, thoughts and emotions behind each word or
sign.

Question 8

Intended meaning(8)

Answer 8

In addition to learning and using each language accurately,
interpreters must be able to recognize and apply the interactional norms or signals
of those involved as they strive to correctly identify the intended meaning within
each utterance. The formation of each expression may contain an embedded
hesitation or a forthright delivery, whether it is overt or implied it is a manifestation
of one’s feelings.

Question 9

People of the Eye(8)

Answer 9

Turn taking is based on visual signals, regardless of the number of people present.
Since dDeaf culture demands fa irly sustained eye contact when communicating, the
person who has been commenting will likely break eye contact, which is a
pronounced signal that they are finished with their comment.

Question 10

People of Sound(8)

Answer 10

Turn taking is often based on sound, or sometimes lack of sound.

Question 11

Turn Taking(8)

Answer 11

Turn-taking rules and expectations are dictated by one’s culture. Those norms
govern how and when turns are to be taken, they include verbal or nonverbal
indicators which function as the transitional rules of communication signaling when
to take turns. The rules are often influenced by location, participants, status, as well
as the various roles held by the participants.

Question 12

ASL Modality(9)

Answer 12

As a visual and spatial language, that is time-oriented, based on
visual perception and the physical conveyance of ideas, information and feeling concepts. ASL uses the arms, wrists, hands, face,
eyes, head and the torso of the signer to physically produce messages, which
are articulated in the space in front of the signer (approximately from shoulder
to shoulder width during one-on-one interactions), and is easily perceived
visually by the individuals to whom the message is being sent

Question 13

Bilingualism(9)

Answer 13

Maftoon, & Shakibafar, (2011) define bilingualism as “the native-like
control of two languages” (p. 80). Haugen (1953) goes further and explains that
bilingualism is the “ability to produce ‘complete meaningful utterances in the other
language”’ (cited in Mackey, 2000, p. 22).

Question 14

C-language(9)

Answer 14

refers to one who has “picked up” some phrases and
simple utterances in a language other than their first or second language.

Question 15

Consecutive Interpretation(9)

Answer 15

defined as “the process of interpreting after the
speaker or signer has completed one or more ideas in the source language and
pauses while the interpreter transmits that information” into the target
language

Question 16

Dynamic Equivalence(9)

Answer 16

“maintaining the speaker’s intended impact on the
audience; when accomplished in an interpretation, the speaker’s goals and level
of audience involvement is the same for both the audience who received the
message in its original form and the audience who received the message
through an interpreter” (Humphrey & Alcorn, 2007).

Question 17

Interpretation(9)

Answer 17

The result of taking a SL message, identifying the meaning of
the affective layer, words or signs used, as well as the signer’s/speaker’s intent
by analyzing the linguistic and paralinguistic elements of the message, then
presenting a cultural and linguistic equivalent of the original text produced in
the intended TL.

Question 18

Linguistic Fluency(9)

Answer 18

These terms refer to an individual’s strongest language and
include: native language, first language, mother tongue, L1 or A-language. This
is the language in which one is most fluent.

Question 19

Miscue(9)

Answer 19

“a lack of equivalence between the source language (SL) message and
its interpretation or, more specifically, between the information in an
interpretation and the information in the SL message it is supposed to
convey” (Cokely, 1992, p 74).

Question 20

Modality(9)

Answer 20

The physical aspects required to produce each language; often
referred to as the method or channel through which a message is expressed,
specifically English is auditory/oral while American Sign Language is visual/
spatial.

Question 21

Paralinguistics(9)

Answer 21

The auditory, visual or physical elements associated with signed
or spoken messages, which convey additional information above and beyond
the words spoken.

Question 22

Prelinguistic Formulation(9)

Answer 22

When two or more individuals engage in an
extemporaneous (non-scripted) spoken or signed interactions, the ideas are
formulated from the initial impressions. The initial impressions of the
participants help shape the preliminary ideas of the interpretation.

Question 23

Processing Time(9)

Answer 23

The time used by an interpreter to complete an analysis of the
source language (SL) utterance and to search for cultural and linguistic
equivalents before producing an equivalent message in the target language
(TL).

Question 24

Prosodic Features(9)

Answer 24

Prosody is the combination of features in any language that
produces the rhythm, accent, and “feel” of the language. In ASL, prosody is a
visual spatial image, created by several features. These features include head
and body movements, eyebrow movement, mouth movement, speed of
signing, sign formation, pacing, and pausing

Question 25

Second language, L2 or B-language(9)

Answer 25

These terms refer to acquisition of a second language, typically acquired by living in another country for several years or by having an immersive experience with a language other than your mother tongue.

Question 26

Sight Translation(9)

Answer 26

Usually renders a written document into signed language but at times, an interpreter might be asked to write in English a signed text. Sight translation is typically done "on the spot" with little-to-no advanced notice or preparation.

Question 27

Sign-To-Voice(9)

Answer 27

Interpreting signed messages from the source language into a spoken target language.

Question 28

Simultaneous Interpretation(9)

Answer 28

the process of interpreting into the target language at the same time as the source language is being delivered

Question 29

Stakeholders(9)

Answer 29

include any "individual or group that has an interest in any decision or activity of an organization"

Question 30

Translation(9)

Answer 30

This is generally done over time and typically with a team directing the development of a translation of a frozen text (written or video) into another language. This is currently an emerging field for dDeaf individuals (e.g. videotaped translations of textbooks, plays and poems)

Question 31

Transliteration(9)

Answer 31

The result of taking a SL message, identifying the meaning, goal and intent of the speaker by analyzing the linguistic and paralinguistic elements of the message, and expressing that message in a different mode of the same language (e.g. PSE or Signed English to spoken English).

Question 32

Voice-To-Sign(9)

Answer 32

Interpreting from a spoken source language into a signed target language.

Question 33

dDeaf Plus(10)

Answer 33

Individuals who are dDeaf and have other disabilities or another disability.

Question 34

lntervenors(10)

Answer 34

Are trained to work with dDB people, guiding them as they move around indoors or out. They are trained in tactile sign language, tadoma and palm printing in order to meet the communication needs of various dDB individuals.

Question 35

Tadoma(10)

Answer 35

Is a method of communicating with the blind and deaf whereby their hands are placed on the lips of the speaker.

Question 36

Distantism(10)

Answer 36

Is used to explain the high value sighted and hearing people place on being able to perceive events and communication that are distant.

Question 37

Deaf and physically challenged(10)

Answer 37

Individuals in this group often rely on crutches, a cane, a walker or sometimes a wheelchair to navigate through physical settings. They often move more slowly and require more physical space when entering and exiting a building or office, as well as setting up in the area where communication will be taking place.

Question 38

Dual- Sensory Loss(10)

Answer 38

Refers to people who are DeafBind and are categorized as having a "dual sensory loss," but the degree of loss in vision and hearing varies widely, as do the causes of this conduction.

Question 39

Acquired DeafBlindness(10)

Answer 39

People who are born Deaf or hard of hearing and later experience deteriorating sight. People who are born vision impaired or blind and go on to experience hearing loss at a later stage.

Question 40

Congenitally DeafBlind(10)

Answer 40

A term used when people are born DeafBlind or when their combined hearing and vision impairment occurs before spoken, signed or other visual forms of language and communication have developed.

Question 41

DeafBlind(10)

Answer 41

People with extremely limited sight and hearing are considered DeafBlind (DB); the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissions (NARUC) estimates that 70,000-100,000 people living in the United States are DeafBlind. While most DeafBlind people have some useful but not always reliable vision and hearing, some people have little or no usable hearing and vision.

Question 42

Deaf and intellectually delayed/challenged(10)

Answer 42

Intel lectual disability (ID) now replaces the term "mental retardation" used in previous editions of the DSM-5. "Intellectual disability involves problems with general mental abilities that affect functioning in two areas: intellectual functioning and adaptive functioning.

Question 43

Ethics(12)

Answer 43

Ethical behavior encompasses the way we treat one another, how we behave (publicly and privately), and what we do with what we know.

Question 44

Morality(12)

Answer 44

As the principles of right and wrong as defined by culture or society; when codified, they are most often called laws or ordinances.

Question 45

Role-Space(12)

Answer 45

This reflects on the multi-dimensional nature of an interpreter's role, stating that interpreters are acting with integrity and making informed decisions appropriate for the domain goals and characteristics of the interlocutors

Question 46

Teleological(12)

Answer 46

an approach to ethical reasoning that is focused on the outcomes or consequences of one's decisions

Question 47

Deontological(12)

Answer 47

is concerned with adherence to pre-ordained rules

Question 48

Video Relay Services {VRS}(13)

Answer 48

Phone interpreter; a few companies are Sorenson Communication and Convo.

Question 49

The World Association of Sign Language Interpreters (WASLI) (13)

Answer 49

An international organization that represents signed language interpreters

Question 50

The World Federation of Deaf (WFD) (13)

Answer 50

has been instrumental in bringing interpreters together and holds conferences every four years.

Question 51

European Forum of Sign Language Interpreters (efsli) (13)

Answer 51

holds yearly conferences throughout Europe and these are attended not only by those members living in Europe but by interpreters from other countries as well.

Question 52

Memo of Understanding (MOU) (13)

Answer 52

WASLI and WFD signed a Memo of Understanding in 2007, and this cooperation agreement was then updated in 2017. Those agreements spell out the clear mandates for both organizations.

Question 53

United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) (13)

Answer 53

addresses Deaf people's rights to participate in all aspects of society, including education, justice, government, and culture; sign language is addressed in several of the articles.

Question 54

The International Association of Conference Interpreters (Al IC) (13)

Answer 54

is a professional association of conference interpreters and functions as a professional association and as a trade union.

Question 55

Critical Link(13)

Answer 55

organization hosts international conferences for community interpreters and other stakeholders in the delivery of community/public service interpreting.

Question 56

Red T(13)

Answer 56

protects the lives and interests of linguists, interpreters, translators and journalists that work in conflict zones

Question 57

International Sign (IS) (13)

Answer 57

WASLI requires interpreters to have more than two spoken languages and/or two signed languages.

Question 58

International Federation of Translators (FIT) (13)

Answer 58

is a federation of national associations of spoken language interpreters, translators, and terminologists, rather than individual members

Question 59

Metropolitan or Suburban(11)

Answer 59

If you will be working in a metropolitan setting, you con generally expect greater competition for the available assignments and an increase in demand for interpreting services. Of course, the cost of living will be higher in a large city than in rural areas.

Question 60

Rural(11)

Answer 60

In addition, there is less demand for interpreters in rural settings and as a result, job availability and demand for interpreters is less and the pay scale may be lower. At the same time, the cost of living is typically lower in rural areas compared to the large city.

Question 61

Full time vs. Part time(11)

Answer 61

The challenge of finding full-time work depends on a number of factors, one of which is the population of dDeaf people in the area where you will be working. dDeaf individuals often choose to live in the city where they attended a Provincial or State school for the dDeaf following high school or after completing college. The same is true in areas near well known post secondary programs geared for dDeaf adults. As a result, these cities are usually flush with interpreting jobs.

Question 62

VRI/VRS companies(11)

Answer 62

May have work available for you, depending on the strength of your skills upon graduation. This work most likely will start with only a few supervised hours each week, but could have the potential of expanding into full or regular part-time employment.

Question 63

Interpreting agencies(11)

Answer 63

It is rare for a recent graduate from interpreter education programs to be offered interpreting jobs with an agency, because of the type of jobs agencies typically fill. Unless the agency has a "ready to work program," which will hire recent graduates (most often with exceptional skills} to mentor as they prepare for certification. Agencies typically call on interpreters who have some "miles under their belts."

Question 64

Self employed interpreters(11)

Answer 64

do not have the benefits of paid vacation or sick leave. However they are able to deduct most of their business expenses from their total income, often significantly reducing the amount of state/provincial or federal taxes paid.

Question 65

Ongoing education and professional growth opportunities(11)

Answer 65

You want to seek out interpreting colleagues as quickly as possible in the area where you expect to be living while still a student, as well as after graduation. ASL interpreters tend to be very supportive of new interpreters, willing to show you the ropes, give you tips about where you might find work, etc. The most important connection to make is finding and joining the local, regional and state/provincial interpreting organization. You should consider doing volunteer work to support the organization as another way of connecting with colleagues. This is key to getting additional training, workshops, and meeting your colleagues in the field.

Question 66

Interpreting in Educational settings(11)

Answer 66

Educational interpreting includes elementary, secondary, and post-secondary environments. Post-secondary settings can be further divided into adult education or upgrading courses, vocational training, and academic settings from college through university graduate-level courses. The probability of full time employment is greater in educational settings. In this setting, you are likely to find a job that offers stability, with a regular schedule, benefits such as medical and dental insurance and flexible pay with time off on holidays and summer vacation.

Question 67

Repetitive Strain Injury(RSI) (11)

Answer 67

There has been a frightening surge in the rate of repetitive strain injury or repetitive motion injuries (also known as overuse syndrome) among sign language interpreters as work opportunities have increased over the years. RSI tends to result in carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, tennis elbow and/or brachia! neuralgia, all of which can lead to total disability.

Question 68

Emotional Burnout(11)

Answer 68

Working with people day in and day out is stressful. Interpreting requires working with people, many of whom do not understand your work or the languages or cultures involved. In addition, interpreting often takes us into situations which involve emotional extremes, going from the exhilaration of the birth of a baby, to a diagnosis with a fatal disease, or the agony of interpreting as someone is being fired from a job. We go into settings that are stressful in themselves: prisons, lock-up psychiatric wards and intensive care units, among others.

Question 69

Attend(12)

Answer 69

Go to as many workshops, trainings, and learning opportunities as you can afford, may your face be recognized by every presenter and professional

Question 70

Network(12)

Answer 70

Don't simply attend, mingle, chat, introduce yourself, it is best not to hang in a comfortable cluster with your classmates - get known.

Question 71

Join(12)

Answer 71

Become a member - join your local and national interpreting organization, if your state does not have a local affiliate, join the dDeaf organizations. It is what we do.

Question 72

Mentor(12)

Answer 72

Find a mentor for your language or your interpreting or both. Offer to buy them lunch, you are a student after all. Finding a mentor while you are a student is courageous and shows your commitment.

Question 73

Presentation of Slf(12)

Answer 73

This phrase is used to identify those linguistic and non-linguistic behaviors in which the interpreter speaks for and acts on their own behalf; for example, an interpreter introducing themself or answers questions directed at them, even when not related to the interpretation per se. Another way of stating this is that they behave like everyone else in the room and by doing so do not call undue attention to themselves. Typical interactions interpreter's encounter while at an interpreting assignment could include being invited to get coffee or snacks when not interpreting.

Question 74

Interaction Management(12)

Answer 74

Interpreters are often put in a position of managing or encouraging the progress of an interpreted interaction, such as asking an attendee to repeat something they said because the interpreter was unable to hear the statement or perhaps the interpreter is uncertain if they understood t he comment made or question posed. Such a request would be made because failing to do so might change the outcome of the interaction, if omitted or not accurately interpreted.

Question 75

Participant Alignment(12)

Answer 75

If an interpreter behaves in a stoic or disconnected manner while interpreting human interactions, there is a possibility that the participant(s) who can hear will feel uncomfortable due to an atypical reaction.