DECIDUA Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
first day of menstruation
A
First day of menstrual cycle
2
Q
defined by the first day of the next menstrual cycle
A
Last day of menstrual cycle
3
Q
Ovarian Cycle involves:
A
Follicular Phase/Preovulatory phase
Luteal Phase/Postovulatory phase
4
Q
Endometrial Cycle involves:
A
Proliferative Phase
Secretory Phase
5
Q
2 Cycles:
A
Endometrial & Ovarian Cycle
6
Q
- no fertilization happening
- endometrium will be sloughed off -> menstruation
A
Non-pregnant cycle
7
Q
- fertilization took place
- there will be implantation
- secretory endometrium
- Decidual formation
A
Pregnant cycle
8
Q
In the Reproductive System, the hierarchy of form would always start with the _____
A
hypothalamus
9
Q
The hypothalamus would create and secrete ____
A
GnRH
10
Q
GnRH stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete _________
A
FSH and LH
11
Q
all stimulating hormones comes from the ______
A
anterior pituitary gland
12
Q
____ is released first then followed by ___
A
FSH
LH
13
Q
thrown in the circulation until it reaches the
ovaries
A
FSH and LH
14
Q
- Responsible for the recruitment of the follicles
- It functions to let the follicles grow until ONE DOMINANT follicle (Graafian follicle) is produced
A
FSH
15
Q
one responsible for the production of estrogen (specifically estradiol)
A
Graafian follicle
16
Q
Phase wherein estrogen produced will go to the endometrium which will now cause for its proliferation (proliferation of endometrial glands and stroma)
A
Proliferative phase of the Endometrial Cycle
17
Q
will later happen under the influence of LH
A
Ovulation
18
Q
event that precedes ovulation
A
LH surge
19
Q
After ovulation, the dominant follicle ruptures and releases the oocyte. The remnant of the follicle becomes the ________ which will now secrete _______________
A
Corpus luteum
Progesterone and Estrogen
20
Q
_____ > Estrogen
A
Progesterone
21
Q
There will be transformation of proliferative
endometrium into __________
A
Secretory endometrium
22
Q
starts as a primordial follicle
A
Preovulatory follicle (Graafian follicle)
23
Q
has an oocyte in the middle and is surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cell
A
primordial follicle
24
Q
Every oocyte starts as a
A
primordial follicle
25
Each Ovarian cycle recruits __________ to grow (this is
| independent of FSH)
30-40 primordial follicles
26
Later on, the follicles will thicken and grow to have __________ until it becomes an ________ (dependent on FSH)
granulosa and
theca cells
Antral follicle
27
promotes the growth of the Antral follicle and the maturation of
the Dominant follicle
FSH
28
How many dominant follicle does a female secrete every month?
1
29
- 2 egg cells fertilized by 2 different sperms
| - Fraternal twins
Dizygotic twins
30
- 1 egg cell fertilized by 1 sperm but sometime during cell division, total division occurred
- 2 separate individuals created
- Identical twins
Monozygotic twins
31
Gonadotropin-independent Preantral follicle growth
- Primordial
- Primary
- Secondary
32
Gonadotropin-dependent Antral follicle growth
- Antral
- Preovulatory
- Ovulation
- Corpus luteum
33
Inner layer
Granulosa cells
34
Outer layer
Theca cells
35
_______ produces androgens
Theca cells
36
______ produces Estrogen
Granulosa cells
37
Granulosa cells produces Estogen with the aid of what enzyme?
Aromatase
38
Follicular phase is due to what hormone?
FSH
39
Luteal phase is due to what hormone?
LH
40
In follicular phase, what is greater between estrogen and progesterone?
Estrogen > Progesterone
41
In luteal phase, what is greater between estrogen and progesterone?
Progesterone > Estrogen
42
What happens when there is excess of estrogen & progesterone?
inhibition of both the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
43
When there is Positive feedback just before ovulation -> Increase in Estrogen would tell the anterior pituitary to secrete more LH
LH surge
Ovulation will occur
44
The increase in estrogen which causes positive feedback is done by _______
Dominant follicle
45
After LH surge -> Ovulation -> dominant follicle ruptures
The remnant of follicle becomes _____
Corpus lueum
46
For a woman who has a perfect 28 days cycle: Day of ovulation is ____
Day 14
47
For a woman who has a perfect 28 days cycle: Luteal phase is _____
Predictable (14 days)
48
For a woman who has a perfect 28 days cycle: Follicular phase is _____
Unpredictable (varies)
49
The remnant of the dominant follicle (granulosa & theca cells) will become the _____
corpus luteum
50
- Collor yellow
| - Comes from the word "lutein" meaning yellow
Corpus luteum
51
_____ secrete estrogen and progesterone
Corpus luteum
52
The secretion of Estrogen and Progesterone is in what phase _______
Secretory phase
| Endometrial phase
53
If fertilization did not take place, the corpus luteum after ______ will die and will be converted to _________
7-10 days
Corpus albicans
54
- Color white
- Albicans means white
- Has no secretion
Corpus albicans
55
The trigger for menstruation is _______
progesterone withdrawal
56
Since corpus albicans has no more secretion , there will be ______
menstruation
57
3 layers of the Uterus:
1. Endometrium
2. Myometrium
3. Serora or Prametrium
58
thick layer of the uterus
Endometrium
59
Endometrium is subdivided into 2:
- Functionalis layer
| - Basalis layer
60
Muscular layer of the uterus
Myometrium
61
parallel with the myometrium and branches off as the radial artery
Arcuate artery
62
this gives rise to the basal and spiral arteries of the endometrium
Radial artery
63
After ovulation, the primary oocyte becomes _____
secondary oocyte
64
The ovulated oocyte will then enter the _____
fallopian tube
65
NOT ALL ovulated oocyte will enter the fallopian tube because these oocytes are extruded into the _____
pelvic cavity
66
Structure that guides the ovulated oocyte to the fallopian tube
fimbriae of the fallopian tube
67
- where the oocytes wait
- widest portion of the fallopian tube
- where fertilization takes place
Ampulla
68
The oocyte will wait only for ________
1 day or 24 hours
69
The spermatozoa can live up to _____ in the female organ
3 days
70
Spermatozoa will be deposited in the _____ then will swim towards the oocyte in the _____
Fornix of the vagina
Ampulla
71
How will the spermatozoa know which fallopian tube is the oocyte located?
certain chemoattractants which tells the sperm where the oocyte is located
72
a very nurturing environment for both the egg and sperm
Ampulla
73
Fertilization gives rise to how many chromosomes?
46 chromosomes (23 each)
74
1st event after fertilization
complete the complement of chromosomes
75
2nd event after fertilization
established genetic sex (XX or XY)
76
3rd event after fertilization
establishment of a new human being
77
Fertilized oocyte becomes _____
zygote
78
The zygote will then divide within
24 hours
79
The zygote will divide within 24 hours into a 2 cell stage, then 4- cell stage, 8-cell stage and on the 16-cell stage it is then called as _______
Morula
80
The daughter cells of each cell stage are called _____
Blastomeres
81
How is it called when there is already fluid collection?
Blastocyst
82
As it divide, it gets transported into the uterine cavity. From the ampulla, it moves toward the uterine cavity via ______ & _______
1. Cilia
| 2. Peristalsis of the fallopian tube
83
Within ______, the blastocyst should be in the uterine cavity where it will implant
4-6 days
84
So in a woman with a 28 day cycle: Day of ovulation is
Day 14
85
So in a woman with a 28 day cycle: If she had coitus in the day of ovulation
There will be fertilization
86
So in a woman with a 28 day cycle: In the next 6 days of fertilization
There will be implantation
87
So in a woman with a 28 day cycle: the day 20 to 24 is the ______
Window of implantation
88
- Has a fluid in it
| - Also has 2 important masses
Blastocyst
89
What are the 2 important masses in Blastocyst?
1. Inner cell mass (Embryoblast
| 2. Outer cell mass (Trophoblast)
90
Inner cell mass is also called as:
Embryoblast
91
Outer cell mass is also called as:
Trophoblast
92
Even as early as day 6 post fertilization, the inner cell mass is destined to become the ______
Embryo (fetus)
93
Even as early as day 6 post fertilization, outer cell mass becomes the ______
Placenta
94
What happens at day 6 post fertilization?
The blastocyst will enter the uterine cavity and it stick into the endometrium because the endometrium will get sticky (parang Velcro). The endometrium has like tiny projections which are very sticky which attaches to the blastocyst. Then there will be secretion of lytic enzymes creating an invasion. The blastocyst itself will secrete enzymes and these enzymes will eat the endometrium in order to implant itself (gagawa siya ng hukay tapos nalalagag yung blastocyst). If the hole is deep enough, the interstitium will hug the blastocyst (it is now implanted)
95
Day 6 post fertilization, the endometrium becomes ______
Decidua
96
At the _____ of development, the blastocyst is partially embedded in the endometrial stroma
8th day
97
In the area over the embryoblast, the trophoblast has differentiated in to 2 layers:
1. Cytotrophoblat
| 2. Syncitiotrophoblast
98
inner layer of mononucleated cells
Cytototrophobast
99
outer multinucleated zone without distinct boundaries
Syncytiotrophoblast
100
_____ is found in the placenta
Villi
101
Inside the ____, it has blood vessels that goes towards the fetus
villi
102
The space in between the villi is called the ______
intervillous space
103
The _______ earlier invades the decidua and later on the myometrium. When it reached the myometrium, it will deliberately attack the __________.
- trophoblast
| - spiral arterioles
104
Why would they invade this area (decidua & myometrium)?
They will attach on the spiral arteries, it becomes straight and open.
105
Anong proseso ang nangyare bakit yung isang narrow & constricting vessel naging straight and open?
It is due to the invasion of trophoblast which destroys the smooth muscle layer (myometrium) --> responsible for the constriction of spiral arteries
106
Pag wala na ang smooth muscle layer, arteriole pa ba siya?
No because it becomes a dilated vessel
107
Why does the trophoblast have to do that? Mawawala ba yung dugo?
No, pupunta ito sa ntervillous space in order to feed the fetus (exchange nutrition between the mother and fetus)
108
______ is transferred from the mother to the fetus
-Glucose
-This is why the reason why pregnant woman are hyperglycemic and are time to time hungry, their glucose are not used by their body
but is rather transferred to the baby
109
are also transferred into the fetus
Vitamins, minerals, and oxygen
110
placenta in which the maternal blood is in direct contact with the chorion
Hemochorial placentation
111
- transformation of secretory endometrium to decidua
- dependent on estrogen and progesterone and factors secreted by the implanting blastocyst
- happens after fertilization and implantation on day 6 post fertilization
Decidualization
112
______ is the one feeding the conceptus
endometrium
113
What hormone is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast?
hCG (human
| chorionic gonadotropin)
114
basis for pregnancy test
hCG
115
Day 8 post fertilization, will the woman be positive for
| hCG?
Yes because there is already the presence of
| syncytiotrophoblast
116
Very specific specimen to be used in the basis of pregnancy test
B-hCH
117
______ is very similar with FSH and LH
alpha subunit of hCG
118
When will the pregnancy test be positive using the urine?
During the MISSED period (after 1 missed menstruation)
119
When implantation takes place, the endometrium which is under the conceptus is called the _____
basalis layer
120
The endometrium which hug the conceptus is the ______
functionalis layer
121
The ends of the endometrium is covered by _______
```
decidua parietalis (first
3 months)
```
122
By the 4th month, decidua parietalis converge with ______
decidua capsularis
123
The endometrial cavity is now obliterated. Becomes the _______
decidua vera
124
apposition of the decidua capsularis and parietalis, uterine cavity is functionally
obliterated
decidua vera
125
6th week (2 weeks after the missed period) – ______ is formed
heart
126
The first 2 organs that function in the embryo are the:
Brain and Heart
127
The decidua has 2 major layers:
basalis and functionalis
128
Saan hihiwalay ang placenta? Anong layer ng decidua hihiwalay and placenta?
Functionalis layer
129
______ is a zone of fibrinoid degeneration in which invading trophoblasts meet the decidua basalis (this is found in the functionalis layer)
Nitabuch layer
130
Nitabuch layer is an important layer because it has to prevent the invading trophoblast from attaching itself too much which may cause a pathologic condition called _______
Placenta accreta
131
the placenta which is abnormally adherent to the myometrium = mother is going to lose blood
Placenta accreta
132
When you deliver the baby, you also bringing with you a part of the ______
decidua functionalis layer
133
______ is the endometrium of pregnanacy
Decidua
134
Primary hormone controlling the reproductive endocrine axis
GnRH
135
Responsible for the recruitment of the dominant follicle
FSH
136
Hormone responsible for ovulation
LH
137
Dominant follicle produces _____, which is responsible for the proliferation of endometrium
Estrogen
138
Hormone responsible for the secretory phase of the endometrium
Progesterone
139
Events in Follicular/Preovualatory phase of the ovarian cycle
1. Recruitment of cohort of antral follicles
2. Selection of a dominant follicle
3. Growth of the selected dominant follicle
140
Primary oocyte covered by single layer of granulosa cells
Primordial follicle
141
Dominant follicle is determined at ____
Day 5 - 7 of the cycle
142
Other name of dominant follicle
Graafian follicle
143
Factors that determine which is the dominant follicle:
1. Well vascularized
| 2. Has a lot of receptors (stimulated by FSH)
144
Diameter of a Dominant follicle
18-25 mm
145
LH stimulates _____ to produce _____
- theca cells
| - androgens
146
Androgen will transfer to ______, which contains
- granulosa cells
| - aromatase
147
Enzyme responsible for the conversion of androgen to estrogen
Aromatase
148
Increase in estrogen cause + feedback on HP axis resulting to
LH surge
149
Absolute requirement for final oocyte maturation and follicular rupture
LH surge
150
LH surge happens ______ before ovulation
10-12 hours
151
Oocyte that transfers to the fallopian tube is the _____
Secondary oocyte
152
After the transfer of oocyte during ovulation, the granulosa cells and theca cells inside the ovary, produce now the ______
Corpus luteum
153
Responsible for the production of both estrogen and progesterone
Corpus luteum
154
Primary factor for the corpus luteum maintenance (where it lives for 7-14 days)
LH
155
If a woman gets pregnant, HCG rests in the corpus luteum and continue to live for ____
3 months
156
After 3 mos corpus luteum dies and _____ takes over
Placenta
157
- Site of Blastocyst implantation
| - Provides metabolic environment
Stratum compactum / Superficial layer
158
Maintains mucosal integrity
Stratum spongiosum / Lower layer
159
2 layers of the stratum functionalis
1. Stratum compactum / Superficial layer
| 2. Stratum spongiosum / Lower layer
160
- Proliferation of glandular, stromal, and vascular endothelial cells
- 2mm thick
- Glands narrow, tubular almost straight and parallel form the basalis layer to endometrial cavity
Proliferative phase of endometrial cycle
161
- Glandular hyperplasia and increase stromal ground substance
- Loose stroma, widely separated glands
- Glandular epithelium are taller and pseudostratified, with microvilli and cilia
- Endometrial dating at this phase is difficult
Proliferative phase of endometrial cycle
162
Highly predictable manner
Secretory phase of endometrial cycle
163
At day ___ there is:
- Subnuclear vacuoles and Pseudostratification
- 1st histologic sign of ovulation
17
164
At day ___ there is:
| - Vacuoles move apically
18
165
At. day ___ there is:
| - Secretes glycoprotein and mucopolysaccharides
19
166
At day ___ there is:
- Window of implantation
- Decreased microvilli and cilia
- Pinopodes
20-24
167
- Luminal protrusions on apical surface
| - Prep for blastocyst implantation
Pinopodes
168
Inner layer becomes
| Outer layer becomes
- Embyoblast, Fetus
| - Trophoblast, Placenta
169
3 phases of implantation:
1. Apposition
2. Adhesion
3. Invasion
170
Uterine receptivity
- Day 20-24 of cycle
| - Day 6-7 post fertilization
171
> Initial contact of blastocyst to the uterine wall
| - Upper posterior uterine wall
Apposition
172
> Increased physical contact
- Cell surface receptors (Integrins) at implantation site
- aVB3 and a4B1 integrins - receptivity marker for blastocyst attachment
- Recognition site blockade ie. Fibronectin prevent attachment
Adhesion
173
> Penetration and invasion of syncitiothrophoblast and cytotrophoblast into the EM, inner 1/3 of myometrium and uterine vasculature
Invasion
174
Yolk sac is seen at
5.5 weeks
175
Embryo is seen at
6-7 weeks
