Deck 1

Question 1

Can the subfertility of one partner be overcome by the reproductive capacity in the other partner?

Answer 1

True

Question 2

What is the recommended first-line treatment for amenorrhea related to low body weight?

Answer 2

Weight gain

Weight gain is the recommended first-line treatment for amenorrhea related to low body weight.

Question 3

Is regular intake of soy foods related to elevated sperm count in men and increased fertility in women?

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Do obese women tend to have higher levels of estrogen, androgens, and leptin than nonobese women?

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Should women trying to get pregnant avoid all sources of caffeine?

Answer 5

False

Question 6

Does alcohol intake reduce fertility only in women with a specific gene variant?

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Is it easier to build up iron stores before pregnancy than during pregnancy?

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Is it preferable to meet nutrient requirements through dietary supplements rather than foods?

Answer 8

False

Question 9

Does fertility return immediately upon cessation of contraceptive use?

Answer 9

False

Question 10

In Indonesia, are couples applying for a marriage license required to receive advice on iron status?

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Is the preconceptional period too stressful a time for psychosocial services?

Answer 11

False

Question 12

What does fertility refer to?

Answer 12

The actual production of children

Question 13

How is infertility generally defined?

Answer 13

The lack of conception after 1 year of unprotected intercourse

Question 14

What is the chance of a diagnosed pregnancy within a given menstrual cycle for healthy couples?

Answer 14

20-25%

Question 15

What is the rate of miscarriage in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy?

Answer 15

9%

Question 16

What is the most common cause of miscarriage for women?

Answer 16

The presence of a severe defect in the fetus

Question 17

What phase of the menstrual cycle occurs after ovulation?

Answer 17

Luteal

Question 18

What is the first half of the menstrual cycle called?

Answer 18

Follicular

Question 19

What hormone surge results in ovulation?

Answer 19

Luteinizing hormone

Question 20

What two hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland during the follicular phase?

Answer 20

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Question 21

What releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone?

Answer 21

Hypothalamus

Question 22

What does the corpus luteum secrete after ovulation?

Answer 22

Progesterone and estrogen

Question 23

What results in menstrual flow?

Answer 23

A drop in progesterone and estrogen levels

Question 24

When would levels of luteinizing hormone most likely be the highest in a typical 28-day cycle?

Answer 24

Day 14

Question 25

What can cramps and other side effects of menstruation be traced back to?

Answer 25

The production of prostaglandins by the uterus

Question 26

What are the female and male gonads?

Answer 26

Ovaries; testes

Question 27

Where are mature sperm stored in males?

Answer 27

Epididymis

Question 28

Which hormone(s) trigger(s) the production of testosterone by the testes?

Answer 28

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Question 29

What is semen composed of?

Answer 29

Sperm and secretions from the testes, bulbourethral gland, prostate, and seminal vesicles

Question 30

How is endometriosis defined?

Answer 30

The condition in which endometrial tissue becomes embedded within other body tissues

Question 31

What are the leading diagnoses related to infertility?

Answer 31

Endocrine abnormalities that modify hormonal regulation of fertility

Question 32

Which factor is more likely to affect female fertility than male fertility?

Answer 32

Poor iron stores

Question 33

Which factor has been linked to impaired fertility in males but not females?

Answer 33

Excessive heat to the gonads

Question 34

What is true regarding the quality of eggs and sperm with age?

Answer 34

For both males and females, the quality of eggs and sperm decrease somewhat with age.

Question 35

What can pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) lead to?

Answer 35

Scarring and blockage of the fallopian tubes

Question 36

What is the BMI threshold typically needed to sustain normal reproductive function in women?

Answer 36

Greater than 20 kg/m2

Question 37

What is an anovulatory cycle?

Answer 37

A menstrual cycle in which ovulation does not occur

Question 38

Which dietary component can protect reproductive cells from damage?

Answer 38

Antioxidants

Question 39

How long do young female athletes often experience a delay in menarche?

Answer 39

2 to 4 years

Question 40

What happens to sperm shape in men who drink 5-25 alcoholic drinks per week?

Answer 40

The percent of sperm with normal shape decreases

Question 41

What is a fertilized egg called from conception through 8 weeks?

Answer 41

Embryo

Question 42

What has the development of facial and heart defects in the fetus been linked to?

Answer 42

Excessive vitamin A intake

Question 43

What is DNA methylation needed for?

Answer 43

Cellular differentiation

Question 44

What is spina bifida an example of?

Answer 44

Neural tube defect

Question 45

What increases the risk of early delivery?

Answer 45

Iron deficiency

Question 46

What are refined grain products often fortified with to decrease rates of neural tube defects?

Answer 46

Folic acid

Question 47

What nutritional advice would a doctor likely give to a preconceptional couple?

Answer 47

The woman should consume 400 mcg of folic acid in addition to dietary folate.

Question 48

What may contraceptives contain?

Answer 48

Progestin only or a combination of estradiol and progestin

Question 49

What are combination hormonal contraceptives least likely to be associated with?

Answer 49

Weight gain

Question 50

Why might a woman be advised to switch from a progestin-only contraceptive?

Answer 50

Due to weight gain

Question 51

When does fertility usually resume after contraceptive use stops?

Answer 51

3 to 6 months

Question 52

What are women taking oral contraceptive pills cautioned against?

Answer 52

Smoking

Question 53

What hormonal contraceptives are being developed for men?

Answer 53

Those containing testosterone to reduce sperm production

Question 54

What was found in a study regarding WIC benefits and iron status?

Answer 54

Women who received WIC benefits from one pregnancy through the first two months of their second pregnancy had better iron status.

Question 55

What is a potential future target audience of the WIC program?

Answer 55

Low-income postpartum women

Question 56

Which American Institute released a report in 2006 on improving preconception health?

Answer 56

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Question 57

What set of standards has the National Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics developed?

Answer 57

The Nutrition Care Process

Question 58

What does preconception health care concern?

Answer 58

Topics such as weight and dietary supplement use.

Question 59

What is infecundity?

Answer 59

The biological inability to bear children after one year of unprotected intercourse

Question 60

What is subfertility?

Answer 60

Taking an unusually long time to conceive or having repeated, early pregnancy losses

Question 61

What is the involuntary absence of production of children?

Answer 61

Fetus

Question 62

What is the developing organism from 8 weeks to birth?

Answer 62

Fetus

Question 63

What is fertility?

Answer 63

The actual production of children

Question 64

What is miscarriage?

Answer 64

The loss of a conceptus in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy

Question 65

What is puberty?

Answer 65

The period in life in which humans become biologically capable of reproduction

Question 66

What is the corpus luteum?

Answer 66

The mass of tissue formed from the follicle after the egg is released

Question 67

What is amenorrhea?

Answer 67

The absence of a menstrual cycle

Question 68

Who are considered subfertile?

Answer 68

Women who experience multiple miscarriages, men with sperm abnormalities, and women who ovulate infrequently.

Question 69

How does being underweight or overweight affect fertility in women?

Answer 69

Weight loss exceeding 10-15% decreases estrogen, LH, and FSH concentrations, leading to amenorrhea and anovulatory cycles. Obese women have hormonal changes that favor menstrual-cycle irregularity.

Question 70

What is the difference in development of mature eggs and sperm?

Answer 70

Females are born with immature ova; males produce sperm from puberty until death.

Question 71

What is pelvic inflammatory disease and its cause?

Answer 71

Infections of the cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries caused predominantly by sexually transmitted diseases.

Question 72

What dietary or lifestyle behaviors should be discussed for a couple trying to conceive?

Answer 72

The husband may be advised to lose weight for fertility improvement; the woman should regain weight to normalize her menstrual cycle.

Question 73

How do contraceptive pills containing estradiol and progestin work?

Answer 73

They suppress LH and FSH action, blocking ovulation and thickening cervical mucus.

Question 74

How might male reproductive health suffer from inadequate antioxidant intake?

Answer 74

Oxidative stress can damage sperm, reducing motility and DNA integrity.

Question 75

What gene variant is associated with folate status and its importance?

Answer 75

The C677T allele of MTHFR increases folate requirement and risk of NTD-affected newborns.

Question 76

What are neural tube defects and their development time frame?

Answer 76

Birth defects from incomplete development of the brain or spinal cord, developing between the third and fourth week after conception.

Question 77

What services are offered as part of preconceptional care?

Answer 77

Risk assessment of behaviors, dietary intake, and presence of diseases.

Question 78

What are the four steps of the Nutrition Care Process?

Answer 78

Nutrition assessment, nutrition diagnosis, nutrition intervention, and nutrition monitoring and evaluation.