Deck 1/4

Question 1

Define Virtual Water

Answer 1

amount of water used for producing (food) commodities

water/food

Question 2

Purpose of Virtual water trade strategy

Answer 2

promotes water scarce regions to import water intensive crops and export crops w high water use values

trade of food between water scarce and water abundant regions

Question 3

Water productivity

Answer 3

production per unit of water consumed

Question 4

Number one consumer of water

Answer 4

agriculture

Question 5

Crop water productivity types

Answer 5

physical, physical-economic, economic

Question 6

crop water productivity (physical)

Answer 6

physical yield (ton/ha) per unit of water diverted or depleted

Question 7

physical-economic CWP

Answer 7

value of crop per unit of water diverted or depleted

Question 8

economic crop water productivity

Answer 8

value of crop per value of water diverted or depleted

Question 9

field-level CWP improvement

Answer 9

change the literal field
- irrigation
- cultivation
- reclaiming of soil quality
- irrigation renovation
- training farmers

Question 10

plant level improvement of cwp

Answer 10

change the plant itself
- increase harvest index
- improve drought tolerance
- improve salinity tolerance

Question 11

regional level of cwp improvement

Answer 11

changing the crop pattern

Question 12

which level of improvement of cwp is a virtual water strategy

Answer 12

the regional level

Question 13

why was the term virtual water developed

Answer 13

to encourage the importation of food into water scarce countries so they can limit water use and meet food demands

water scarce regions typically MENA
it’s importing virtual water

Question 14

how to increase water productivity

Answer 14

increase production per unit of water consumed

water saving

Question 15

water footprint

Answer 15

water consumption in one region can impact other regions if export and import

imposed by VWT

Question 16

which uses the most water for production?
corn, milk, cup of coffee, pair of jeans, beef, milk

Answer 16

beef, then jeans, milk, corn, coffee

Question 17

mexico and india have _____ VW content of commodities than US and china

Answer 17

higher

use more water for same amount of food

Question 18

VWContent of crops depends on

Answer 18

• crop/commodity type
• location of where it is produced
• time of when it is produced (climate, season, how much time it takes)
• management strategies in the production process

Question 19

why does climate change VWC

Answer 19

favourable vs unfavourable climate conditions change the water requirements for crops

Question 20

debates on VW concept

Answer 20

usefulness, feasibility of VW import to alleviate water scarcity

Question 21

VWT literature covers

Answer 21

• water resource availability and food trade relations
• VW flow and water use efficiency in the food trade
• role of VW strategy in conflict mitigation and water scarcity management

Question 22

Water resource and availability and food trade relations literature

Answer 22

not much supporting a relationship 2003, blue water still main/only consideration when gw is main source of food production

Question 23

____1500 m3/capita/year means food import ____ with less water, ____ 1500 means changes in water availability ____ affect import

Answer 23

below, increases, above, do not

Question 24

VW flow and use efficiency in the food trade literature

Answer 24

how much food is being traded, quantifying how much water is being saved with VWT

Question 25

# Blue water vs Green water Blue water

Answer 25

* mobile * possible substitutions * many competitive uses * requires conveyance facilities * high cost * significant impact on hydro system

Question 26

# blue water vs green water green water

Answer 26

* immobile * no substitutions * few competitive uses * doesn't require conveyance facilities * free * insignificant impact on hydro system

Question 27

blue water trade

Answer 27

water in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, aquifers ## Footnote IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE typically uses blue water

Question 28

green water trade

Answer 28

water stored in unsaturated soil and used by plants for evapotranspiration ## Footnote SOURCE OF RAINFED AGRICULTURE AND ECOSYSTEM

Question 29

opportunity costs and environmental impacts: ____ > ____

Answer 29

blue>green

Question 30

which is more efficient for **exporting** countries

Answer 30

exporting green water is more efficient

Question 31

in what way is exporting green water more efficient

Answer 31

in terms of physical water resources utilization

Question 32

vast majority of crop production is based on ____ water

Answer 32

green

Question 33

water challenges are ____ due to impacts and footprints of trade and consumption

Answer 33

local

Question 34

VWC equation

Answer 34

1/CWP x production ## Footnote ET/yield x production (m3/kg x kg = m3)

Question 35

how much water will be saved in the global trade of cereal crops

Answer 35

400-600 km3 (~34%)

Question 36

When food flows from the countries where the virtual water content is low to the countries where the virtual water content is high, it generates ____

Answer 36

global water saving ## Footnote opposite leads to global overuse of water

Question 37

VW saving at the global scale

Answer 37

if importing countries improve thier CWP (good thing), global water saving reduces and is not a meaningful indicator for efficiency

Question 38

water scarcity and conflict mitigation in importing countries

Answer 38

- drive for self sufficiency despite decreasing water resources - poverty unable to afford food imports at intl prices - social problems with VWT (hiring farmers, policies, unemployment, immigration) - unstable political relationships

Question 39

conflict mitigation in exporting countries

Answer 39

- increased ag landuse - increased soil and water pollution - low food prices at intl market

Question 40

major export barriers in production

Answer 40

tech, quality, cost of production, access to water

Question 41

major export barriers in markets

Answer 41

info, transport conditions, market channels, trade regulations

Question 42

the global VWT is predominantly ___ water

Answer 42

green