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MRCS-Pathology > Deck 2 > Flashcards

Deck 2 Flashcards

(39 cards)

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1
Q

CCrisp mx of acutely unwell patient

A
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2
Q

Daily mx plan for stable pt as per CCrisP protocol

A
  1. Ix ?bloods ?imaging
  2. Specialist input
  3. E+D? supplements?
  4. Pain
  5. PT/OT
  6. Drain/tube removal
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3
Q

Causes of large bowel obstruction

A

Tumour
Diverticular stricture
Volvulus

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4
Q

Small bowel obstruction causes

A

Hernia
Adhesions

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5
Q

Layers of mucosa of GI tract

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa

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6
Q

Adenoma-carcinoma sequence

A

Series of mutations for eptheilal cells to become malignant cells

  1. mutation of APC tumour suppressor gene -> hyperproliferation
  2. KRAS oncogene mutation-> dysplasia
  3. P53 tumour supressor mutation -> adenocarcinoma

Hyperproliferation -> adenoma formation -> carcinoma

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7
Q

Define adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant tumour of glandular cells

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8
Q

Neoplasm definition

A

An abnormal mass of tissue with:
1. uncoordinated growth
2. growth exceeds normal tissue
3. persists after cessation of stimulus

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9
Q

Where does colorectal cancer mets

A

Bone
Liver
Lung
Brain

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10
Q

Which functional segments of liver correlate to right and left lobe

A

Left: 2-4
Right: 5-8

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11
Q

Liver tumours

A

Benign:
- haemangioma
- adenoma

Primary:
- Cholangiocarcinoma
- HCC

Secondary:
Mets eg from colon

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12
Q

Commonest type of liver tumour

A

Metastatic

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13
Q

Commonest type of primary bone cancer

A

Myeloma (osteosarcoma is the second most common)

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14
Q

Pus definition

A

Collection of neutrophils + dead and dying micro-organisms

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15
Q

Cyst definition

A

Abnormal membranous sac containing gas/liquid

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16
Q

Cyst vs pseudocyst

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A

Cyst lined with epithelial/endothelial cells pseudocyst isnt

17
Q

Sinus definition

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A

Blind ending trac lined with granulation tissue

Eg connecting abscess to skin

18
Q

Fistula definition

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A

an abnormal connection between 2 epithelial or endothelial surfaces

19
Q

Stoma definition

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A

Surgical opening into a hollow viscus

20
Q

Diverticular definition

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A

outpouching of a hollow viscus into surrounding tissue

21
Q

Clot vs thrombus definition

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A

Clot: solid material derived from the constituents of blood in STATIONARY blood

Thrombus: solid material derived from the constituents of blood in flowing blood

22
Q

Embolus definition

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A

Abnormal mass of insoluble material that is carried in the bloodstream to another place.

23
Q

Necrosis definition

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A

Abnormal tissue death during life

24
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction definition

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A

Abnormal reaction of host’s immune response to a particular stimuli

25
Tumour marker definition
A substance that can be found in the circulation of a patient with neoplasia
26
Polyp definition
Mass of tissue arising from epithelial surface
27
Polyp definition
Mass of tissue arising from epithelial surface
28
Hyperplasia definition
Increase in size of a tissue through increase in number of cells
29
Hypertrophy
Increase in the size of a tissue through increase in the number of cells
30
Hamartoma definition
Tumour-like malformation composed of a disorganised amount of tissue normally found at that site Grows under normal control mechanisms
31
Metaplasia definition
Reversible change of one fully differentiated cell type to another differentiated cell type
32
Dysplasia def
- Disordered cellular development - increased mitosis and pleomorphism - Without the ability to invade the basement membrane - changes resolve after removal of stimulus
33
Carcinoma vs sarcoma
Carcinoma: malignant tumour of epithelial cells Sarcoma: malignant tumour of connective tissue
34
Metastasis definition
Survival and growth of cells that have migrated from a malignant tumour to a distant site from the primary tumour
35
Atrophy def
Reduction in size of tissue or organ due to either reduction in number or size of cells
36
Apoptosis definition
programmed cell death (auto digestion without causing inflammatory response)
37
System for looking at abdo xray
1. Patient and film details Penetration and adequacy 2. Large/small bowel 3. Extra-luminal gas 4. Organs: liver, kidney, spleen, psoas 5. Bones: vertebra, SI joints, femoral head 6. Others: catheters, NG tube
37
Commonest type of liver tumour
Metastasitic
37
Hypersensitivity reaction definition
Abnormal reaction of host's immune response to a particular stimuli

MRCS-Pathology (11 decks)

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