deck_15662833

Question 1

a dog has spastic paralysis where do you localize the lesion (Upper or Lower)

Answer 1

UMN

Question 2

a dog has weakness, flaccid paralysis, decreased segmental reflexes and muscle atrophy

Answer 2

lower motor neuron paresis

Question 3

why do muscles atrophy in UMN paresis

Answer 3

late and mild disuse

Question 4

you see an exaggerated response to pinching the toes on the front feet

Answer 4

upper motor neuron lesion C6-T2

Question 5

what are the 5 steps to progressive spinal cord injury c/s

Answer 5

1. pain 2. proprioceptive deficits, 3. unable to stand 4. paralysis 5. loss of deep pain

Question 6

you pinch a dog with hemostats on the toes of the pelvic limb and there is no response what are the afferent and efferent nerves

Answer 6

tibial and peronal branches of the sciatic and saphenous branch of femoral nerve , L4 - S2

Question 7

what is the localization of polyradiculopathy and polyneuropathy

Answer 7

LMN

Question 8

dog has short strides in the front and stiff delayed protraction in the back

Answer 8

C6-T2

Question 9

you hemostat a dog perineum with no response

Answer 9

pudendal nerve S1 - Cd5

Question 10

differentials for neurologic signs that are suggestive of brain disease that are bilateral and symmetric

Answer 10

toxicicty (lead poison, metronidazole toxicity)
hepatic or uremic encephalopathy
degenerative (storage disease)
anomalous (congenital hydrocephalus or cerebellar hypoplasia)

Question 11

what are some brain localized lesions that present focal signs

Answer 11

meningoencephalitis
neoplasia
cerebrovascular disease
trauma

Question 12

what are some lesions that present multifocally

Answer 12

meningoencephalitis
neoplasia

Question 13

compulsive circling, large dome skull, persistent fontanell, wide eyes down and out eye placement, head pressing, inappropriate vocalization, blindness, seizures

Answer 13

hydrocephalus - excess CSF (either from obstruction which is more common OR too much is made) congenital (toy small breed brachy) or acquired (tumors, infections, toxins)

managed not cured: steroids, proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole (reduce CSF) theres a surgery shunting, and furosemide

Question 14

what is the difference between focal seizures and generalized

Answer 14

focal - 1 part of brain: pet is consious and experiences activity in a single body part

generalized: entire brain convulsing and lose consiousness

Question 15

what can cause reactive seizures

Answer 15

problem outside of brain: metabolic disturbances (low sugar low calcium liver or kidney)

Question 16

what is the most common type of seizure in dogs

Answer 16

idiopathic (not the same in cats)

Question 17

how to diagnose internal (in the brain) seizures

Answer 17

MRI (maybe CSF tap)

Question 18

Altered mentation/behaviour, bumping into things, loss of training, circling, seizures, postural reaction deficits, absent/reduced menace, absent/reduced nasal septum sensation, vertical nystagmus

where do you localize it and what are some differentials

Answer 18

1. thalamocortex (brain - prosencephalon and cerebrum) that do thinking, learning, managing and acting on inputs

differentials:
- hydrocephalus
- quadrigeminal cyst
- lissencephaly
- storage disorders
- toxins
- hypoglycemia
- hepatic encephalopathy
- infectious meningioenceph

Question 19

what do you treat a dog with hypothyroid

Answer 19

levothyroxine

Question 20

cat on fish diet

Answer 20

thiamine or taurine deficiency might cause

procephalon and cerebrum signs
Altered mentation/behaviour, bumping into things, loss of training, circling, seizures, postural reaction deficits, absent/reduced menace, absent/reduced nasal septum sensation, vertical nystagmus

Question 21

what is a cause for kitten with tremors

Answer 21

in utero infection with feline panleukopenia virus —> cerebellar disease

Question 22

postural reaction deficits, intention tremors, dysmetria, hypermetria, ipsilateral blindness, contralateral head tilt, opisthotonos

test: you offer it food and it gets tremors

Answer 22

cerebellum damage (coordination)

Question 23

Hypoplasia, abiotrophy, neuroaxonal dystrophy, Chiari-like malformation, intra-arachnoid cyst, storage diseases, thiamine deficiency, infectious diseases (FIP, toxo/neospora, distemper, RMSF, Ehrlichiosis, mycotic, canine herpes, parasite migration), inflammatory, neoplasia, cerebrovascular accidents, toxicity (metronidazole, lead, drugs)

–> cause what

Answer 23

some things that cause cerebellar disease

Question 24

brain stem:
function:
test:
what happens when its busted:
why / differentials:

Answer 24

Nerve: Brain stem (central vestibular system, pons/medulla)
Function: regulation of motor function, level of wakefulness, respiration, cardiovascular regulation, balance
Test: History, distance exam, oculocephalic reflex
Busted: Postural reaction deficits, altered mentation, vertical nystagmus, any other type of nystagmus, other CN deficits, nystagmus that changes with head position, head tilt, vestibular ataxia, strabismus
Why: Hypothyroid, storage disease, Infectious (bacterial (intracranial otogenic abscess), protozoal, fungal, parasitic, viral (FI, distemper, rabies)), inflammatory, neoplasia, thiamine deficiency, toxicity (metronidazole), vascular

Question 25

Postural reaction deficits, altered mentation, vertical nystagmus, any other type of nystagmus, other CN deficits, nystagmus that changes with head position, head tilt, vestibular ataxia, strabismus

Answer 25

brain stem (central vestibular system --> pons/medulla)

Question 26

wobbly drunken walk in a dog

Answer 26

vestibular disease

Question 27

what are causes of peripheral vestibular disease (i.e. disease of the inner ear the the nerves)

Answer 27

inner ear infecetions ear tumors polyps hypothyroid head / ear injuries idiopathic / old dog vestibular syndrome

Question 28

what is the central vestibular system and what are some common causes of disease

Answer 28

back part of the brain (medulla oblongata and cerebellum) - brain tumors - strokes - inflamation - infection - metronizadole toxicity

Question 29

what are c/s found in peripheral and central vestibular disease ... which one is easier to treat

Answer 29

ataxia, strabismus, head tild, nystagmus peripheral is easier to treat

Question 30

vertical nystagmus, wide based stance, truncal sway, hypermetria, postural rxn deficits

Answer 30

central vestibular disease (i.e. medulla and cerebullam)

Question 31

what is chiari-like disease and where does it localize

Answer 31

cerebellum Chiari-like malformation (CM) is abnormal bone growth inside the back of the skull. This puts pressure on the brain and disrupts the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, which can result in syringomyelia (fluid-filled cyst) formation within the spinal cord. These conditions are generally rare, but toy breeds are overrepresented, especially Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and Brussels Griffons. In fact, CM and SM should be disclosed as top Cavalier King Charles Spaniel health issues, as virtually all Cavalier King Charles Spaniels have Chiari-like malformation to some degree. However, it is important to note that not all dogs with one or both conditions will show symptoms. Typically, symptoms become apparent once Chiari-like malformation results in syringomyelia. The most obvious symptom of syringomyelia is neuropathic pain or abnormal processing of sensory input by the nervous system. Altered sensation usually occurs at the back of the head and neck, which is why owners find their dogs constantly scratching at the air with no relief, AKA phantom scratching.

Question 32

Busted: generalized: tetraparesis/paraparesis, decreased spinal reflex, generalized weakness, exercise intolerance, dysphagia, dysphonia Local: specific nerve dysfunction what are some differentials

Answer 32

neuromuscular disease (myopathies junctionopathies, neuropathies) hyperadrenocorticism hyperkalemia hypokalemia masticatory myositis polymyositis

Question 33

what is an example of a junctionopathy

Answer 33

myasthenia gravis

Question 34

what breeds get congenital myasthenia gravis ? what do we do to treat?

Answer 34

mini daschunds .. they usually grow out of it

Question 35

what are two ways to definitives dx myasthenia gravis and what are some c/s that would make you want to do these tests

Answer 35

c/s: difficulty swallowing, weakness walking and wanting to sit down test: - anti-acetycholine receptor AB test neostigmine (temporarily prevents acetycholine from being broken down and results in better signalling between nerves and muscle)

Question 36

WHAT ARE THE treatments of myasthenia gravis

Answer 36

1. NOT neostigmine its just a temporary test 2. medications and new feeding routine

Question 37

what is the prognosis of M. gravis

Answer 37

most dogs do well on the treatment and resolve once the body stops producing AB against acetyl choline HOWEVER the mega esophagus persists =---> pneumonia is a huge issue