deck_17151080 Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
Cancer
A
Disease of cell cycle (uncontrollable)
2
Q
Causes of cancer
A
Carcinogens, lifestyle makes up 90%, drinking and smoking
3
Q
Death in cancer
A
50-70% are caused by human behavior, 30% from smoking
4
Q
Carcinogens
A
Substance radiation: 90% of cancers are related to exposure of carcinogens. Some promote genetic changes in somatic cells
5
Q
DNA alteration leads to
A
effects of gene expression and affects cell division
6
Q
DNA mutations
A
Frequently occur during DNA replication, can either have a neutral effect (does nothing), a beneficial (evolution), or harmful (cell division)
7
Q
DNA mechanisms of repair
A
DNA repair Enzyme, are natural killer cells and virus infected cell
8
Q
Why Cancer develops
A
Mutated or damaged genes, proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes
9
Q
Oncogenes
A
Mutated or damages proto-oncogenes
10
Q
Proto-oncogenes
A
Normal regulatory genes
11
Q
Tumor Suppressor genes
A
Regulatory genes repress cell growth, division, differentiation, adhesion that may be turned off or damaged in cancers
12
Q
Cancer: Stage 0
A
in situ tumor. Cells in the tumor are abnormal, but they are only found in the tumor
13
Q
Cancer: stage I-III
A
Defined for each type of cancer, based on size, degree of spread, lymph node involvement
14
Q
Cancer: stage IV
A
Cancer has metastasized to distant sites and organs
15
Q
Cancer Development
A
- cells must divide uncontrollably, 2. cell must undergo physical changes and break away from surrounding cells
16
Q
Benign Tumor
A
non harmful and remain in one location, Is a single well defined mass that may be surrounded by connective tissue
17
Q
Malignant Tumor development
A
Epithelial cell, Hyperplasia, Dysplasia, In situ Cancer
18
Q
Cancer Tumor
A
Abnormal cell structure, may appear undifferentiated, may spread, and edge of the tumor is not clearly defined
19
Q
Hyperplasia
A
Cells divide more rapidly than normal
20
Q
Dysplasia
A
Cells change form
21
Q
Lung cancer
A
nearly 90% caused by smoking, no simple screening test, early symptoms are nonspecific, treatment is surgery, chemo, and radiation
22
Q
Colon and Rectal cancers
A
Tests can detect them early, blood in stool and rectal bleeding are symptoms, lifestyle and genetics are risk factors, treatment is polyp removal and tumor removal
23
Q
Breast Cancer
A
Early detection is crucial for survival, risk factors are genetics and age
24
Q
Pancreatic cancer
A
No obvious early signs, 2nd highest death rate, risk factors: smoking and genetics
25
Prostate cancer
Most common after age of 50, can be diagnosed by digital rectal exam, treatment is surgery and radiation therapy
26
Leukemia
cancer of immature white blood cells in bone marrow, risk factors: down syndrome and exposure to ionizing radiation, Treatment: chemotherapy is most effective
27
Lymphoma
Cancers of lymphoid tissue, risk factors is altered immune function, treatment radiation and chemo
28
Esophageal Cancer
92 deaths for every 100 cases, rarely diagnosed at early stage, treatment is esophagectomy or placement of a stent (small tube)
29
Conventional Cancer treatments
Surgery, radiation: damages DNA and interrupts cell division, and chemotherapy: usage of drugs that disrupt cell division
30
Advanced diagnoses
Tumor Imaging: MRI, x-rays, Genetic testing: Identify mutated genes, Enzyme tests: screening large numbers of people
31
Immunotherapy
protects the immune response
32
The Immune systems role
Natural killer cells detect and destroy cancers, disease that suppresses the immune systems makes an individual more susceptible to cancer
33
Starving Cancers
Inhibits angiogenesis (youth of new blood vessels)
34
Molecular treatment
Triggers immune system/creates molecules that target oncogenes
35
Ways to prevent cancer
Know your family history, regular medical screenings, self-examination techniques, avoid direct sunlight 10am-4pm, watch diet & weight, don't smoke, drink only in moderation, exercise regularly
36
4 primary tissues
Epithelial, Connective tissues, muscle, nervous
37
Epithelial tissues
Cover body cavities and surfaces, protects underlying tissues, reduction of friction, transportation + absorption of materials, secretion of waste
38
Tissues
Group (2+) of cells with a common function (specialize in structure) and have similar organelles
39
Glandular Epithelia
A tissue whose main job is secretion, Epithelia cells adapted to make up glands
40
Exocrine glands
Secretion into hollow organs and/or ducts to exterior of body (ex: Salivating)
41
Endocrine Glands
Secretion into blood to carry chemical messages throughout body (ex: thyroids)
42
Epithelial Tissues: Shape
- Squamous: Flattened cells, Body surface (skin)
- Cuboidal: Cube shaped, urinary system, glandular tissue
- Columnar: Column shaped, digestive and reproductive tracts
43
Simple/Single Layer
Shape doesn't simply determine function, we can guess based of numbers of layers: Simple/single layered adapted for diffusion across cell barriers
44
Stratified / Multiple layers
protection, skin surfaces
45
Basement membrane
Structural support, attaches epithelial layer to underlying tissues
46
Tight Junctions
Nothing passes (ex: digestive tract) unless it has the specific protein channel. prevents things that don't have proteins from getting into our blood
47
Junctions
hold epithelial cells together
48
Adhesion Junctions
=Spot desmosomes, some movement between cells (ex: skin, being able to feel pinching of cheeks)
49
Gap Junctions
protein channels that allow movement of ions and water (ex: liver)
50
Connective tissue
Bones / Skeletal system, support softer organs, connects body parts, stores fat and produced blood cells
51
Connective tissue characteristics
few living cells, most of the structure made of matrix, no cell-cell junction
52
Matrix
Nonliving extracellular material, provides strength to connective tissue (not the few living cells)
53
Adipose Tissue
Stores energy in the form of fat (glucose turns into energy + heat)
54
Muscle tissue
shortens and contracts for movement, composed of cells specialized to contract or shorten
55
Muscle fibers
tightly packed cells that are in muscle tissue, they are long, thin and parallel to each other
56
3 types of muscle tissue
Smooth, Skeletal, cardiac
57
Actin and Myosin
Contracted cells that can be found in muscles
58
Skeletal muscles
moves body parts, connected to tendons attached to bone, voluntary muscles
59
Cardiac muscles
Shorter than skeletal muscle fiber, involuntary muscles
60
Cardiac muscle components
One nucleus, parallel to each other, gap Junctions for contraction at ends of adjoining cells
61
Smooth muscle Structure
Around organs, thin, tapered, surrounds hollow structures, single cell nucleus, gap junctions
62
Nervous tissue
Transmits impulses, located in brain, spinal cord, and nerves
63
Nervous tissue cells
Neurons, which generate and transmit electrical impulses, and Glial cells, which provide protection and support to neurons
64
Nervous tissue structure
Cell body, dendrites, axon
65
Microglia
picks up debris and supports cells to neurons
66
Organs
structure composed of 2 or more tissue types joined together to perform specific functions
67
Organ systems
Groups of organs that perform common functions
68
# components of Digestive system
Mouth, throat, stomach, intestines, liver
69
Lymphatic system
Lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen
70
Integumentary system
(the simplest) skin, synthesizes vitamin D, protects from injury, infection and dehydration, receives stimuli externally
71
Skeletal system (overview)
Protects internal organs, provides structural framework, provides blood cells and stores minerals
72
Muscular system (overview)
Produces or resists movement, generates heat
73
Nervous system (overview)
Detects internal and external stimuli, controls and coordinates rapid responses to stimuli, interrogates the activities of other organ systems
74
Endocrine system
Produces body regulating hormones, helps the nervous system with interrogative functions
75
Digestive system (overview)
Provides the body with water and nutrients, (the liver) synthesizes proteins and lipids, and inactivates many chemicals
76
Circulatory system
Transport materials to and from cells, maintenance of body temp, participated in mechanisms of defense against injury
77
Lymphatic systems
Homeostasis, part of immune system, returns excess tissue fluid to circulatory system, participates in mechanisms of defense against disease and injury
78
Respiratory systems
Exchanges gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between air and blood, production of sound (voice)
79
Reproductive system (female)
produces eggs, nurtures the fertilized egg, developing embryo and fetus until birth
80
Reproductive systems (Male)
produces sperm, participates in delivery of sperm
81
Urinary system
controls contents of blood, maintains the volume and composition of body fluids, excretes some waste products
82
Tissue Membrane
Line body cavities, consists of a layer of epithelial tissue and a layer of connective tissues lining in each body cavity
83
Serous membranes
1/4 major types of tissue membranes, reduces friction between organs
84
Mucous membrane
2/4 of main tissue membranes, lubricates surface, captures debris (mucus and hair)
85
Synovial membrane
3/4 main tissue membrane, line spaces in movable joints, friction
86
Cutaneous membrane
4/4 main tissue membrane, skin
87
Smooth muscle
Triggers hair standing, attached to hair follicle and raises hair to upright position
88
Skin structure
2 major layers: Epidermis, below skin, and Dermis. + Hypodermis, not part of skin, cushioning and insulation
89
Epidermis structure
outer layer, stratified squamous epithelial cells, no blood vessels, specialized keratinocytes (keratin) and Melanocytes (melanin)
90
layers of epidermis
1. Dead cells of epidermis (that get replaced)
2. Living cells of epidermis
-Keratinocytes, waterproof protein
- creates and contains Melanocytes
3. Dermis with blood vessel
91
Dermis cells
Abundant in fibroblasts, white blood cells, Fat cells (adipocytes)
92
Dermis
deepest layer, dense connective tissue, lies underneath epidermis, supports tissues, provides collagen
93
Dermis accessory structures
smooth muscles, oil glands/sebaceous glands, sweat glands, blood vessels, sensory nerve endings
94
Oil glands/sebaceous glands
Secretion moistens and softens skin
95
Sensory nerve endings
for heat, cold, touch, deep pressure, vibration
96
Homeostasis
Characteristics of life, the ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological process
97
Negative feedback
homeostasis mechanism: maintains homeostasis, deviations from normal detected and counteracted. Controllable variable - sensor - control center effector
98
Positive feedback
Homeostasis mechanism: amplifies original change, rarely found in organisms (ex: child delivery)
99
Skeletal system: composition and functions
made of bones, ligaments (connects bone to bone), cartilage. Supports, protects and for movement
100
Bones
Hard elements of the skeleton, mainly composed of calcium minerals, contains nerve, blood vessels, and living cells
101
Osteoblasts
Young bone cells
102
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells
103
Osteoclasts
Reabsorbs bones, gently breaks down pieces of bone (increases calcium and helps cleanly heal fractures)
104
5 important functions of bones
Support, movement (interact with muscles), formation of blood cells (site of blood production), Protection, mineral storage
105
Cartilage
supports, there's: Fibrocartilage (intervertebral disks, structures in the knee joints), Hyaline (where bone starts), Elastic cartilage (outer ear)
106
Ligaments
(ex: knee) dense fibrous connective tissue, attaches bone to bone
107
Bone formation
Begins with fetal development between 2-9 months and continues through childhood
108
Ossification (fetus >3 months)
Cartilage model forms, chondroblasts (shape of the bone)
109
Ossification (2-3 month fetus)
Blood vessel, compact bone develops, starting at primary ossification, osteoblasts (matrix)
110
Ossification (childhood)
Cavity, spongy bone develops, 2nd ossification site (osteocytes)
111
Chondroblasts
cartilage forming cells (hyaline) that build a model of the future bone
112
Bone development process
Controlled by growth hormones in adolescents or sex hormones during puberty that stimulate growth plate
113
mature bone repair process
Hematoma, then fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteoid matrix to bones
114
Mature bone remodeling
Changes in shape size, strength, regulates by hormones Parathyroid (PTH) which removes calcium and Calcitonin which adds calcium
115
bones: types and amount
Long, short, flat, and irregular, there are a total of 206 bones in the human skeleton
116
Axial skeleton: The skull
flat bones, sinuses/air spaces (lighter skull), lined with tissue that secretes mucus
117
Axial skeleton: Vertebral column
Main axis of body, supports head, protects spinal cord, consists of 33 irregular bones (vertebrae)
118
5 regions of vertebral column
Cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx + Intervertebral disks: cushion, assist in movement, flexibility
119
Axial skeleton: Ribs and sternum
protects heart, lungs and other organs, helps in breathing. Ribs: twelve pairs in humans, bottom 2 pair floating. Sternum: Breastbone (3 bones fused)
120
Appendicular skeleton
arms, legs and attachment to trunk. 30 different bones in our arm and hand
121
Arm and hand bones
Humerus, ulna, radius, 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges/finger bones
122
Leg bones
Femur/thighbone, tibia, fibula, 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges/toe bones
123
Fibrous joints
Immoveable
124
Synovial joint
Freely moveable
125
Cartilaginous joint
Slightly moveable, cartilage connection
126
Tendinitis
Inflammation of tendons following an injury
127
Rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disease that causes joint inflammation
128
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative condition affecting 20 million Americans 45+. cartilage covering bone wears out
129
Osteoporosis
Disease condition where bones lose mass and become porous due to imbalance of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
