deck_3644924 Flashcards

Question

Mussolini Foreign Policy: Aggressor

Answer 1

* Musso’s descent into aggression would cause his stable and consistent foreign policy to collapse * Following WSC, tactics had to change to distract Italian people from domestic crisis. Unemployment = unrest. * Invasion of Abyssina, 1935/36: lost respect of GB and Fr = collapse of Stresa Front. * Invasion was a success but weakened Italy, so in hindsight the success has to be questioned. * Intervention in SCW: gave more aid than any other country. * Significantly weakened Italy: become apparent with outbreak of WW2. * Extremely expensive with little economic benefit. * Forms a friendship with Hitler. * Distracted from domestic policies but again inconsistent.

Answer 2

* Highlights failure of Musso’s foreign policy * Friendship with Hitler ( Rome-Berlin Axix, 1936, and Anti-Comintern Pact, 1937) * Left isolated in Europe with Hitler as his only Ally. * Allowed Hitler to invade Austria (shows how he has developed since he stopped him in the 1920s) * Mussolini unable to enter WW2 as his troops being present in Spain and Abyssinia = embarrassing. * FAILURE.

Answer 3

* Main aim: autarky, wanted to be self-sufficient in time for war. Show greatness of Italian economy to other regimes. * Set out three battles: battle for Grain, Lira and Land. Wanted a ‘strong currency for a strong country’. Economy deflated to drive up the value of the Lira – harmed exports. 1936, force to devalue: failure. * Battle for Grain: ‘free Italy from the slavery of foreign bread’. Placed high tariffs on grain imports. Success as grain imports fell 75% 1925-35 but overall damages agriculture and failed to solve rural poverty of south. Cost of bread increased. * Battle for Land: aimed to increase land for grain and jobs. Reclaimed ¾ of the land in North and provided jobs. South neglected. Only benefitted some Italians. * Corporate State: third way between capitalism and communism. ‘Corporate revolution’ to stop labour disputes. Success: by 1934, 22 corporations set up, but dominated by fascists, corrupt suppressed.

Answer 4

* Women: ‘in our state she does not count’ Traditional view, should be at home raising sons for army. * 1927: women taken out of ‘unnatural professions’ * Failed to an extent as their exclusion from work raised the amount of women in higher education from 6% in 1914, to 15% in 1938. * ‘Battle for Births’ – aimed to increase population by 50-60% by 195o. Prizes given to women with large families and abortion made difficult (supported by Catholic Church) * Birth-rate actually declined until 1936. Marriage rate fell. * Youth: wanted loyal fascist generation to secure future of the regime. 1930’s – one standardised textbook – Cult of Duce * Unclear on success, Church still had influence.

Answer 5

* Catholic Church dominated Italian society. Most Italians devoted Catholics. Pope not recognised Kingdom of Italy since unification in 1870. * Musso needed Church to give his government credibility. * Lateran Treaties of 1929. Ended conflict. Church gained compensation for unification and Pope given Vatican city. Musso earned recognition as Italian leader. * *‘the pacts were a triumph’* – Clark * Success: boosted Italian prestige for Catholics worldwide, Church endorsed Musso in elections. BUT relationship deteriorated over youth groups and anti-Semitic laws 1938.

Answer 6

* Immediate dismissal of Loris-Melikov reforms (which aimed to implement constitutional reform and assembly) * 1881 ‘Manifesto on Unshakeable Autocracy’: proving his reactionary political rule * 1881 Statute for measures protecting State security – increased influence of Okhrana (secret police) in imprisoning opposition * Laws passed in 1890 and 1892 restricting the size of the voting franchise, returning power to those who supported the tsardom * Limiting education in higher classes in 1894 University Statute and 1887 decree stopping peasants attending school – by 1897 only 21% of the population are literate * Russification: persecution of national minorities * Undoubtedly a political reactionary who was determined to return power to autocracy

Answer 7

* Initiated by Sergei Witte: finance minister 1892-1903 * ‘The Great Spurt’ aimed to industrialise Russia in order to retain ‘Great Power Status’ * Advocated a policy of state capitalism where state would fund, direct and plan industry. Experts hired from abroad * Needed money to fund, notably imposed heavy taxes and high interest rates; limited imports; extensive loans from France; rouble put on the Gold standards. Put Russia into a lot of debt. * Industrialisation improved production, with coal production doubling between 1881-1894. Trans-Siberian railway: modernises Russia as it encourages internal migration. Working conditions were awful. * The growth of the industrial sector in the 1890s was 126%, following on from reforms implemented by AIII * Peasants land bank helped peasants but land following the financial crisis of their emancipation = successful. Agriculture was not fully reformed = famine when harvest failed. * Shows clear statistical signs of modernising Russia’s economy in order to remain a great power.

Answer 8

* Lack of political reform. Repression of the two reactionary Tsars increased opposition. Creation of the RSDP in 1898 who split in 1903. * The Great Spurt left dreadful working conditions as a result of rapid urbanisation. Frustration of the workers was not subdued. * Famine and redemption payments: disillusionment among peasants. * Short term: discontent with Nicholas – enhanced by result of the Russo Japanese war. Naval mutiny May 1905 and the Russian Baltic fleet destroyed. * Bloody Sunday 22 Jan 1905. Peaceful Protest turned into disaster. Over 100 dead or wounded * Tsars failure to reform and his neglect of the needs of the people led to the outbreak of revolution.

Answer 9

* One could argue that the consequences of the October revolution supports the optimistic notion that Tsardom could have survived. * October Manifesto is published to bring an end to the conflict (gives freedom of conscience, speech, meeting, and association) – wins the middle classes back to the side of the Tsar. * Absolute monarchy became constitutional – a radical change for Russia, no law can be passed without the State Duma’s approval. Duma’s franchise was made larger. * Opposition subdued. Redemption payments cancelled in 1907 – peasants satisfied. * Army brought back on side as officer classes can now enforce the law. * Stolypin aided peasants by establishing a Land Bank to help them but land and also made it easier for them to leave the Mir, although these reforms were disrupted by the outbreak of WW1 in 1914. * Reforms in education and health show Russia is on its way to a viable democracy, seen statistically by the number of primary schools doubling. * From the historical view point of optimism, the Tsardom looked like might survive as a result of these forms.

Answer 10

* Pessimistic view point that Tsardom was doomed to fail. * Trotsky exemplified this ‘a constitution has been given but autocracy remains’ * Fundamental Law of Empire 1906. Laws had to be agreed by the Tsar, the Tsar could dissolve the Duma and tsar kept control of foreign policy. * Redemption payments removed too late – most peasants had already paid a significant sum. * First and Second Duma were a disaster, third and fourth slightly more successful but they were completely loyal to the Tsar. Stolypin was dead by the fourth Duma. * ‘the dilemma of attaining complex, specifically western objectives in an lleberal, underdeveloped society’ * Growing discontent, suggesting that one of the consequences of the 1905 revolution was the 1917 revolution as it acted, for the Bolsheviks, as a lesson on timing and tactics.

Answer 11

* Made promises to workers and peasants in campaign → needed to solve problems that the Tsar and the Provisional Government failed to solve. * Created Sovnarkom: Bolshevik council to rule and make decrees. (All power was not given to the Soviets) * Workers given 8 hour day and granted of factories to committees of workers (satisfied workers → abolished during war communism) * Abolished private ownership of land and legalised the peasants land seizures → fulfilled promise of ‘Land’ * Banks, railways and land all nationalised. * ‘Treaty of Brest-Litovsk’ 1918 → fulfilled promise of peace. Harsh terms led to increased opposition → cost them 25% of industry.

Answer 12

* Particularly from Kadets and other Socialist groups prominent in Soviet. * Creation of Cheka: unlimited power of arrest and torture. Aim to eliminate all opposition. Arrested leaders of opposition. * Encouragement of class warfare: anyone accused of upholding ‘bourgeois’ values liable to arrest. * Press censorship: not making mistake of PG and allowing freedom of speech. * Allowed Constituent Assembly to form (meeting popular expectations). SRs won the election → Lenin shut down the CA and prevented it from meeting again through force. Prevented opposition parties: consolidated an authoritarian state. * Extremely effective. Shutting down of CA (SRs won) allowed Bolsheviks to take power even though they weren’t the majority party. * Crushed any residing opposition in the Civil War and by 1924, they were the clear undisputed leaders of Russia.

Answer 13

* Set up Red Army in Jan 1918: Jan 1920 had ½ million members * Crucial in eliminating opposition and upholding regime e.g. closing Constituent Assembly * Also crucial for Bolsheviks in 1918-1921 Civil War. * Propaganda key to create Lenin’s Cult of Personality. * Civil War neutralised opposition. Won Civil War: Trotsky’s military leadership, Lenin as an orator, Unified side. * Literature, Theatre, Radio and Newspapers emphasise glory of revolution. * Important: winning Civil War was the last stage in neutralising opposition.

Answer 14

* Agricultural land was too expensive and this led to heavy mortgage repayments, known as redemption payments. Left from the emancipation of the serfs. The peasants feared that their land was going to be confiscated as they could not pay the heavy mortgage repayments. * Stolypin cancelled redemption payments in 1907. * Was successful to a large extent as it managed to de-revolutionise the peasantry.

Answer 15

* 1906-1907: Stolypin cancelled inefficient strip farming system (stifles innovation) and replaced with fenced fields. * He created a special Land Bank that loaned peasants’ money to be able to buy more land. Stolypin’s goal was to create a layer of prosperous peasants who would support the Tsar as a result of their new wealth. * New laws abolished compulsory communal land-tenure and turned the land into private property. * Stolypin said that he needed 20 years for his wager on the strong to bring results. He was assassinated in 1911 (only 5 years) * By 1914, the strip system was still widespread. Only 10% of the land had been consolidated into fence field farms: Failure. * Most peasants did not want to leave the security of the communes for the uncertainty of individual farming. The peasants’ conservationism made them object change. * By 1915: only 30% of all peasant households requested individual ownership, while only 22% received it. * The policy had great potential and given the 20 years to be put into action it may have succeeded in not only modernising the countryside but saving the Tsardom. * WW1 and the Russian Revolution hindered this policy’s ability to succeed,

Answer 16

* Stolypin attempted to create large scale voluntary resettlement of the peasants in order to populate remote areas of Russia such as Siberia. Opened Siberia for farming. * His resettlement policy was effective as over 1.5million Russias moved to Serbia between 1907 and 1909.

Answer 17

* Most famous reform: the Emancipation of the serfs, 1861. * Serfs granted freedom to marry; freedom not to be bought and sold and freedom to own land. * But still under control of Mir: had to get passports to travel over 20 miles. Mir decided land allocation. Some peasants saw it as the new serfdom. * Also redemption payments for 49 years: peasants believed they were the rightful owners of the land and so were bitter about having to pay for it. * Led to peasant uprisings. * "single greatest liberating measure in the whole modern history of Europe" –GM Anderson * Peasants were dissatisfied with the nature of their freedom.

Answer 18

* Emancipating the Serfs led the way to further reform. * The most important of these in inciting further opposition were the legal reforms. * These introduced open courts, jury and judges who were well educated and well paid. These new courts provided a platform in which critics of the regime could openly criticise. Also well-educated judges led to creation of intelligentsia who wanted constitutional reform. * Furthermore, reforms in local administration. Creation of Duma and Zemstva. Multi-functional Zemstva introduced as a local council (military conscription, public health etc.). All classes could be elected in as members. No fundamental change but a symbolic change to give the people a voice. * Liberals were dissatisfied with the rate of reform: wanted political parties and a constitutional monarchy and they openly criticised the regime in court.

Answer 19

* The majority of AII reign is reactionary (1866-1880). * Following an assassination attempt: he became reactionary in his reforms. * Brings in reactionary ministers: Dmitri Tolstoy took immediate action to halt educational reform (blamed for student radicalism). Reduced power of Zemstvas over education and made it so only students from traditional Russian schools could go to university. * Repressive policies: Brings back censorship and courts are encouraged to interpret the law in favour of the government. * Led to many attempts of assassination: in 1881: one was successful. People wanted reform.

Answer 20

* Ruthlessness shown by terror unleashed on ‘enemies of the state’ * Instigated by Kirov murder (candidate for Stalin’s replacement) – purge of opposition began through the Show trials: Kamenev, Zinoviev, Buhkarin, Rykov tortured (members of Politburo). * Purge of Red Army, 37000 officers purged: purified army, however created a new problem during WW2 → unexperienced officers in command. * Great Terror on population → carried out by Stalin’s use of NKVD. Class enemies completely eradicated or silenced through fear. * Historical debate: Totalitarian (Robert Conquest) → Stalin was in charge. Revisionist (Getty) → Spiralled out of control. * Similar political structure to Lenin (authoritarian) however, new reign of terror transformed Russia into a state bound by fear and suspicion.

Answer 21

* The Great Turn – Mass Industrialisation. Wanted to establish self-sufficiency, increase grain supplies to feed workers. * 5 Year-Plans: centred around State controlled forced industrialisation (Gosplan – State planning agency). 1st FYP (1928-32): focussed on heavy industry. Magnitogorsk built. 250000 citizens. Effective in boosting industrial production – little improvement in consumer goods. 2nd FYP – heavy industrial goods: by 1047, USSR virtually self-sufficient in machine making and metal working = TRANSFORMED. * 3rd FYP: War economy (weaponry etc.) By start of the war, Soviet economy transformed – modern industrialised state. * Collectivisation – solve peasant problem. 3 stages. Grain procurement, Dekulakisation, Mass collectivisation. Mid 1929 – less than 5% collectivised. Feb 1939 – over half peasant households collectivised. * Collective farms did feed cities. Great humanitarian cost: peasants didn’t have enough grain to feed themselves. Kulaks eradicated.

Answer 22

* Wanted equality (communism): made improvements for women, divorce made easier + abortion. 1922-37, 82% of 4 million new workers were women. * Outbreak of war led to a retreat to typical values for women: 1936: medals given out to women who had more than 9 children (needed to stabilise Russian state) * Youth: enforce Stalinism, youth groups Pioneers and Komsomol. Sent to countryside to promote socialism. * Movement towards equality and transformation but the war effort took priority.

Answer 23

Catholic Church was rich and powerful in Spain . Disputes between Church and state throughout the C19th. Church used its wealthto gain significant political and social influence. Used its power to support social, political and economic conservatism and was against modernising and liberal forces. Aristocracy was closely tied to the Church and provided funding for the Church. Church inclined to defend the rights and status of the poor. (led to resentment with the left-wing) Contributed to the polarisation of politics.

Answer 24

Reichstag Fire (Feb 1933). Emergency Decree passed for ‘Protection of State’ allowed opposition to be suppressed and KPD to be banned. Enabling Act March 1933 – w/ support of Centre Party had 2/3 of the vote: passed act which meant Hitler would rule by decree for 4 years. Other political parties were banned. In 1934, all federal gov. brought under Ministry of Interior: centralised the state. Trade Unions banned and replaced with German labour Front. Press Censorship. Politically – fully centralised state. Workers controlled through German Labour Front.

Answer 25

* Rohm presented opposition from SA – wanted ‘second revolution’ against capitalism. * Night of Long Knives June 1934: Opposition eliminated. SA purged. Key leaders (inc. Rohm) killed. * Aug 1934: Army swear oath of allegiance to Hitler. * Gleichschaltung: bringing people into line. Creation of fear-driven, obedient society enforced by Army and Gestapo. * Edward Peterson said Hitler was a 'weak dictator': the party was in disarray and disorganised and Hitler had very little say in the daily running of the party. * Dick Geary: difficult to identify true support of Hitler due to fear and terror removing any alternatives. * Concentration Camps opened 1933. Undesirables removed from society. * Anti-Semitic Laws: little opposition due to terror. * Consolidation critically depended on mass violence and intimidation. * Army brought under control. Parts of society Hitler could not control (homosexuals, gypsies etc.) were eradicated from society through concentration camp.

Answer 26

* Cult of Personality. Propaganda key in creation of totalitarian state. * Indoctrination of Youth. Race Science taught. Youth groups compulsory 1936. * Concordat with Church 1933. Successful in keeping Church out of state affairs however, gov. did not have total control over Church. * Weak religious opposition from Confessional Church. * ‘Wehrwirtschaft’ – War economy. Achieve autarky and be ready for war. Failed. State did not have total control over economy.

Answer 27

* Ruthlessness shown by terror unleashed on ‘enemies of the state’ * Instigated by Kirov murder (candidate for Stalin’s replacement) – purge of opposition began through the Show trials: Kamenev, Zinoviev, Buhkarin, Rykov tortured (members of Politburo): dealt with division in higher members of party. * Purge of Red Army, 37000 officers purged: purified army, however created a new problem during WW2 → unexperienced officers in command. * Great Terror on population → carried out by Stalin’s use of NKVD. Class enemies completely eradicated or silenced through fear. * Historical debate: Totalitarian (Robert Conquest) → Stalin was in charge. Revisionist (Getty) → Spiralled out of control. * Consolidated power, opposition removed, society and party controlled through fear.

Answer 28

* Centralised state activity by increasing Politburo influence in comparison to Sovnarkom – increased Stalin’s personal control over the state. * Banned trade unions – took power away from the workers. * Carried on regime of absolute control however Stalin dappled in socialism in his agricultural and economic policies. * E.g. Through the 5 year plans: forced industrialisation of towns such as Magnitogorsk injected socialism to workers – attitude to do well for country induced by Stakhanovite legislation → wage increases for those who mined more than their quota. * Peasants – forced into collectives organised by Gosplan. Failure → production dropped and many peasants killed their animals to prevent them from being used in the collectives. * Increases personal power, many things already in place with Lenin → Socialism not a success in the countryside.

Answer 29

* Stalin seen as true leader and Lenin’s natural successor (he read the eulogy at the funeral) * Propaganda projecting images of Stalin as a God-like figure through posters, cinema, radio, and speeches. * Changes in art socialist realism: communism and Stalin as the saviour of Russia * Indoctrination of the youth * Attack on the orthodox Church: created a new Russia * Although not fundamental, raised platform of Stalin as undisputed leader.

Answer 30

* Superficial level as them fulfilling their promise from 1939 Treaty of London. * Germany invading Belgium as part of the Schliefflen Plan demanded GB involvelment * GB used as justification but weak. Treaty was nealr 80 years old - unlikely a nation would involve itself in a rapidly expanding war just on this basis. * Clark's argument is much more compelling, citing economic motivations and a fear of German strength * ToL = Public justification. It alone would not have encouraged GB to join war. * // Most Important Cause = protect economic interests against German aggression. * Ger was starting to gain colonials, threatening GB's position as a colonial power. GB needed to assert dominance. * Ger = strong pop. and armed forces (Naval Race) so GB wanted to suppress GB from expanding in Eur = view shared by Ferguson and Kennedy who believe GB have a lot of responsibility in the expansion of the war. * Supression of Ger = most important. Evidenced by GB joining Triple Entente w/ Russia, who they had strong tensions with in an effort to surround Ger. in Europe.

Answer 31

* inevitable result of their agressive foreign policy, Weitpolitik, under Kaiser Wilhelm II. Saw Ger. attempt to gain colonies and expand their navy: expansionist foreign policy. * Germany's involvement in war (supported by Fischer) was to get dominance in Europe. * Moltke, the army chief of staff, reportedly said 'in my opinion war is inevitable and the sooner the better', supports the view thar there was real desire to go to war. * Evidenced through Ger. issuing the 'blank cheque' to Austria. Arguably could be ecplaned by alliance w/ Austria. Suggests a real desire to go to war. * // Means to distract from social and political problems. German govt. was dominated by landed elites who feared rise of socialism. Social Demoncratic Party had made large gains in 1912 elections, and the govt. wanted to create more support for the elite govt. * Idea is supported by pop. support there was for war in Ger. Ger. foreign policy was much more important.

Answer 32

Wanted to improve economy so that foreign input was no longer necessary- autarky for the Italian state. Wanted to portray the greatness of Italy in economic and social terms to the world.

Answer 33

Aims: To destroy the Treaty of Versailles imposed on Germany after her defeat in World War One. To unite all German speakers together in one country. Create a powerful Germany or Grossdeutschland. To expand eastwards into the East (Poland, Russia) to gain land for Germany (Lebensraum- living space).

Answer 34

Starts rearming after Geneva 1.9bn RM 1933, 1948 17.2bn RM on spending for arms - 66% industry devoted to arms production 33-39 - 1933 army = 100,000, no tanks/planes, limited navy à 1939, 98 divisions, 47 U-Boats, Luftwaffe declared in 1935, conscription introduced 1935 - Stresa Front 1935 created as defense vs. Hitler BUT failure because Musso broke it w/ Abyssinia - Test troops in SCW, perfected blitzkrieg - HOWEVER, total war not until 1943 – competition between comp. still in place before

Answer 35

1934 Failed Anschluss w/ uprising that killed Dolfuss (Austrian Chancellor) failed because Musso sent troops to border - 1935 Saarland votes to rejoin Germany - Remilitarisation of Rhineland 1936 à secured western borders + ready for eastern expansion - 1937 Hossbach Memorandum, draws up invasion of East (believed eastern slavs were inferior race, take land for Germans, remove Bolshevism in process) - 1938 Mar. Anschluss w/ Austria, Sept. Sudetenland given to Hitler in Munich Conference - 1939 March: Annex Czechoslovakia

Answer 36

To consolidate regions and security for war - 1934 Non-Agression pact w/ Poland to show world that Hitler was reasonable à tactical - 1935 Anglo-Naval Agreement = 35% naval tonnage as Britain - 1936 Anti-Commitern Pact w/ Japan = war on two fronts for Russia, later same w/ Italy (1937) - 1938 Non-Aggression pacts with Latvia, Denmark, Estonia - 1939 March Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact w/ Russia, Pact of Steel w/ Italy Aim: dissolution opposition so they don’t react, tactical prevention of war on two fronts w/ Russia

Answer 37

HD: Trevor Roper: Traditionalists, War was Planned: Revisionist AJP Talyor, Hitler was opportunist and had no consistency

Answer 38

* Over 2.5 million Germans had died in the war and approx- 4 million wounded. * By the end of Allid blockade in July 1919, 250,000 people had died of starvation. * The German people saw the TOV as a diktat that had been froced upon Germany and Germans were outrged by the loss of colonies, territory and population. * Germans felt that the principle of self-determination had been ignored and that the War Giult Clause was unjust. * One effect of the treaty was the immidiate lack of confidence in the politicians who had signed it (practically allof them were the new leaders of the republic).

Answer 39

* The Kaiser abdicated and sent to exilein Holland- leader of Social Democrats- Ebert- prolaimed a new republic whose first action was sign an armistice with the Allies. Many saw this as an actof terason (including Hitler) and the men who surrendered came to be kown as the "November criminals". * Moderate politicians were eager to put the war aside and its international consequences to instead create a democracy. * However, opposed by two main groups; right-wingers who loathed the idea of a democracy and agitated for the restoration of monarchy (the Kaiser's restoration!), and left-wingers who saw this as an ideal time for the establishment of a Communist or Socialist regime. * Even before the constitution was drawn up there was a major rebellion- the Spartacus Revolt in January 1919- many hoped to see a Russian style revolution in Germany. The left-wing revolt led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebkhnecht began in Berlin and the government had to flee the city. * The defence minister used the army and "Freikorps" (ex-soldiers) to crush the revolt. The Freikorps were strongly anti-communist and took brutal steps to restore order; the leaders of the Spartacus were executed. Political violence had marred the foundation of the new state * However, surrounded by Successor states: in a strong political position.

Answer 40

* After WW1, Germanywas broken and starved and not until July 1919 that Allied blockade was lifted (upon the signing of TOV). * The 1918 harvesthad been disastrous-forcing prices up sevenfold compared with 1914. * The peace treaties derived Germany of 3/4 of its iron resources, 1/4 of coal and 15% of arable land. * Reparations Commissionfixed the total amount of reparations to be payed by Germany in April 1921 at 132 million gold marks!

Answer 41

* it could be argued that the League itself didn’t function on ideological factors and instead operated to bring about peaceful co-operation. * International bodies such as the Permanent Court of International Justice, created in 1921, which aimed to investigate cases in which nations had broken international law. (e.g. The Turkish government questioned the border set by the League between Turkey and British-controlled Iraq. Ruled that the League of Nations had the right to make a decision.) * The International Labour Organisation aimed to secure economic and social justice for all member states and strongly advocated for trade unions. (only advisory, not a huge impact). * Most evidently in Turkey in 1923 where the League invested £10million on aid, following a devastating civil war, including relocating 60,000 Turkish refuges. Could be argued that the League failed in Turkey as 120,000 people remained homeless and League could not prevent the civil war in the first place due to their lack of armed forces. * In terms of international law and humanitarianism, the League made great steps towards securing peaceful co-operation and better living standards. * Flaws in their endeavours, such as the International Labour Organisation being an advisory council only and only intervening in Turkey when there were already 140,000 refugees making the League’s task of relocation a massive, and ultimately failed enterprise. * Therefore: efforts can be considered failures as there is no clear outlying success in any of their undertakings.

Answer 42

* Often hindered by a lack of resources; most natably, armed forces. * Great Successes secured in 1921 in Aaland Islands and Upper Silesia ( League solved disputes between nations over the government of regions, with little protest occuring from either party). * However, failures in Treschen (1919) in whcih Poland and Czecholslavakia remained unimpressed with the League's efforts to divide the disputed town. Vilna could not persuade Poland to stop their take-over of the Lithanian Capitol. * Failed = no armed forces; America not a member state (economic sanctions)

Answer 43

* Many nations unimpressed with double standards of the League. * USSR not invited to join: 'Capitalist Club' * Greece finied for invading Bulgaria in 1925 when Italy received compensation for invading Greece in 1923. * 1923 Ruhr Crisis: allowed France to invade Germany * League possessed no power to stop major states from breaking the law.

Answer 44

* Covenant (no military, armed forces, missing members) * Vested Interests * Depression (Abyssinia, Manchuria)

Answer 45

Whites = disunited. Coalition of different enemies of the Bolsheviks (SRs, Mensheviks, Tsarists, army officers angry at Brest-Litovsk). They were disunited geographically as well as ideologically. Yudenich and Deniken attacked from west and Kolchak from East. Trotsky could co-ordinate forcesand fight at one time. Peasants did not trust the Tsarists. Reds = totally united. Red army were kept loyal by taking their families hostage so the Bolsheviks were united and disciplined.

Answer 46

While Whites had foreign support of GB, French and American armies, they were fighting a long way from home. Also foreign intervention lost support of nationalistis. Reds had control of main cities of Moscow and Petrograd (with their factories), control of the railways (vital) an army of 300,000 men, very strict army disicpline and internal lines of communication. Introduction of War Communism: food was given to the Red Army and taken from the whites, factories were nationalised. Gave reds an economic advantage.

Answer 47

Lenin: leadership never challenged. Provided the drive and energy. Trotsky of War Commissar: travelled around nation on his train, gaining support and increasing moral. If a commander in the field failed, he paid the price. If a whole unit was at fault, they paid the price. Such draconian policies helped to instill into the Red Army the very discipline that was fundamentally missing in the various White armies. Trotsky frequently visited his troops at the front in his famous armoured train so he could never be seen as a military commander who stayed away from the fighting. Lenin:

Answer 48

Social: Savings lost, no money, depression, searching for a solution. Economic: 6m unemployed 1933, banks shit down Political: failure of Weimar, rise of Hitler.

deck_3644924 Flashcards

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