deck_3681827 Flashcards
1
Q
2 fundamental needs of all organisms:
A
- materials: carbon-carbon backbone (organic) + (inorganic): lipids, proteins, NA, carbs2. energy: ATP
2
Q
6 most abundant elements:
A
CHNOPS
3
Q
Net primary productivity (NPP):
A
energy captured - energy used for metabolism (breakdown of glucose) = energy captured in biomass
4
Q
Where NPP is greatest on earth:
A
where sun, water, iron, phytoplankton is high
5
Q
energy of sun conversion to chemical energy:
A
1 meter2 area receives 1,000,000 kcal / m2 / year ½ goes to growth + reproduction½ goes to primary productivity (metabolism)1% available solar radiation goes to 10,000 kcal / m2 / year
6
Q
trophic pyramid:
A
I: primary producers (autotrophs: plants, phytoplankton, algae)II. herbivores (1st order heterotrophs/primary consumers) + decomposers eat dead stuffIII. carnivores (2nd order heterotrophs)IV. top carnivores (3rd order heterotrophs)
7
Q
detritivores / saphrophytes:
A
worms, insects
8
Q
where is the electron transport chain in bacteria:
A
cell membrane
9
Q
the way bacteria and archae get ingredients (energy) for life is:
A
VERY DIVERSE
10
Q
the way animals get energy for life:
A
ALL THE SAME
11
Q
electron acceptors:
A
have O because O is an electron hog / high electronegativity
12
Q
electron donors:
A
have H because when they give up a electron, it results in free proton +, this makes ATP synthesis possible
13
Q
electron acceptors
A
CO2, NO3, NO2, SO4(2-)
14
Q
donors
A
H2O, NH3, H2S, CH4, H2, Sugar (lots of H and very little O – C6H1206), proteins (lots of H and very little O)
15
Q
electron acceptors and donors are all inorganic accept….
A
proteins + sugars
16
Q
OILRIG
A
oxidation is losing (H), reduction is gaining (H)
17
Q
phototrophy
A
endergonic / H2O + sun (reduced) -> 02 oxidized
18
Q
oxidative phosphorylation
A
ADP + P -> ATP
19
Q
Bacteria + metabolism types + examples of where to find them
A
(See following Q + A)Note: if bottom has 02, then it’s aerobic / photo / organic molecule
20
Q
Ammonia Oxidizing bacteria AOB
A
have NH3->NO2 in top
21
Q
Nitrite oxidizing bacteria “nitrifiers”:
A
NO2-NO3 in the top
22
Q
denitrifiers
A
NO2->N2 / NO3 ->N2 in bottom and organic molecules in top
23
Q
sulfur bacteria found in hydrothermal vents (archae):
A
H2S -> SO4(2) in top
24
Q
methanogens
A
in bottom COs->CH4 (end with methane) deep in earth’s crust; energy from top H2 gas
25
cyanobacteria phytoplankton bacteria:
Sunlight in top and ADP->ATP in bottom
26
sulfate reducers
in seawater sediments: sulfalte in bottom SO4(2-)->H2S (poisonous)
27
phototrophs
if sunlight in top
28
chemoorgano
if “organic molecules” in top
29
chemolitho
if inorganic molecules in top
30
hetero
source of carbon-carbon organic->organic
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auto
source of carbon-carbon inorganic->organic
32
example of chemooranotrophs:
animals, fungi
33
source of energy for methanogens:
hydrogen gas
34
NOT a source of nitrogen fixation:
excretion + dead organisms
35
photosynthetic protists + cyanobacteria are important because:
they’re primary producers
36
What are the 3 characteristics that make fungi more like animals than plants? i.e. Why are they on the same branch of Eukaryotic life?
1. structural carbs: chitin2. storage carbs: glycogen3. flagella (spores)
37
fungi different from animals:
1. simple bodies: unicellular (yeasts), multicellular (hyphae individuals make up mycelium collections) septa are partial cell wall2. cells aren’t closed off from each other: cytoplasm isn’t contained: coerocytic; partial cell wall: septa
38
4 fungal phyla
zygomycetesascomycetesbasidiomyceteschytridiomycetes
39
zygomycetes
zygomatic spores (male + female in zygospore, grows sporangia); sporangia produce spores,ie. bread mold (black sporangia)
40
ascomycetes
cup mushrooms: fruiting body; hyphae comes together to form cup; asci: produce spores; ie. morels, lichen (green algae + cyanobacteria)
41
basidiomycetes
classic mushrooms. basidia + gills produce millions of spores; ie. toadstools, puff balls, shelf mushrooms
42
chytridiomycetes
aquatic fungi; swimming gametes: spores have flagella; ie. parasitic -- kill frogs
43
fungi symbiosis:
lichenectomycorrhizaearbuscular mycorrhizae
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lichen
ascomycetes + cyanobacteria / green algae
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ectomycorrhizae
basidiomycetes + plant roots: hyphae surround outside of cells “ecto”=outside
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arbuscular mycorrhizae
zygomycetes + plant roots;hyphae go into the cells (70% of plants have this relationship); “absorptive lifestyle”
47
how fungi break down wood: (extracellular digestion)
1. hyphae: make lignan peroxidase 2.peroxidase: oxidizes (combusts) lignan3.hyphae: exudes cellulase4.cellulose: broken into simple sugars (glucose)5.hyphae: absorb simple sugars for cellular respiration
48
fungal life cycles: meiosis
diploid cell divides in half = 4 haploids with 1 allele per 1 gene
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fungal life cycles: mitosis
all genetic material copied and cell divides = 2 identical daughter cells
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fungal life cycles: fertilization
2 haploid cells produce new diploid organism
51
fungal life cycles: haploid
1 set of genes for all genetic characteristics (1 set of chromosomes)
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fungal life cycles: diploid
2 sets of genes for all genetic characteristics (2 sets of chromosomes)
53
fungal life cycles: karyogamy
2 haploids form 1 diploid nucleus (always follows meiosis)
54
fungal life cycles: plasmogamy
2 individuals’ cytoplasm combines (w/o nuclear fusion)
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fungal life cycles: dikaryotic
one cell w/2 nuclei of 2 different genotype (plasmogamy)
56
Uptake
NH3/NO3 ->proteins
57
Consumption
proteins->aminos
58
Decomposition
protein-> NH3 (ammonia)
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Nitrification I:
NH3->NO2 (ammonia oxidation)
60
Nitrification II:
NO2->NO3 (nitrite oxidation)
61
Denitrification
NO3->N2 and NO2->N2 (turning into N gas)
62
Nitrogen fixation
N2-> proteins and N3->proteins (via rhizobium + azotobacter)
63
Dissolution
N in soil / H20
64
Run-off/leaching:
N in rivers/streamsNO3: very soluble, leaches easily
65
rhizobium
n-fixer; symbiosis w/legumes
66
azobacter
free-living fixer: cysts protect from O2
67
anabaena
aquatic systems; heterocysts have nitrogenase keeping O2 out (cyanobacteria)
68
Rivers & Streams:
drinking waterfish habitatrecreationhydroelectric power
69
Lakes
drinking waterfish habitatrecreationirrigation
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Oceans
phytoplankton (40% of oxygen supply)absorbs ⅓ CO2 fisheriesrecreation
71
Wetlands:
wildlife habitatbuffer flooding (store / release water)improve water qualityreduce erosionincrease biodiversity + productivity
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Trophic levels: aquatic environments
I. primary producers; ex: phytoplanktonII. herbivores (1 order heterotrophs) ex: (animals + small protists) zooplankton III. young fish + minnowsIV. bigger fishV. larger fishVI. sharks
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Why more trophic levels in aquatic?
Fish are more efficient at capturing energy from food they eat in biomass than land creatures. They don’t regulate temp to keep warm = energy savings
74
Wetlands lost since 1850:
38%
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Regulated wetlands activities:
filling/dumping dirtalter pre-existing damslevees
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required to do wetland activities:
if permitted, mitigation (doing another restoration elsewhere), legislation
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Ocean Zones:
oceanic photo zoneneriticoceanic aphoticbenthic
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oceanic photo zone
light penetration zone (phytoplankton), pelagic creatures
79
neritic
near shore, high nutrients, high energy = high productivity
80
oceanic aphotic
no sunlight, no energy, relatively high nutrients, low O2 limits life (upwelling), more diversity than once thought, hydrothermal vents basis for life, autotrophs (sulfur bacteria)
81
benthic
bottom substrate, all life attached to bottom, sediments
82
2 sources of nutrients:
1. upwelling: ocean currents bring organic matter up (dead bio) = nutrient-rich filtered2. nutrients from land (rocks), rivers, streams
83
2 outcomes occurring with nutrient additions to aquatic ecosystem:
1. decomp: low O2 = “hypoxia” (dead zone)2. no decomp: CO2 captured in sediments = “carbon sequestration” -> iron added = “ocean fertilization”; algal bloom: from high nutrients => toxic dinoflagellates
84
samples of ecosystems out of balance: Lake Erie
industry phosphorus from detergent soaps; algal blooms + dead zones, inedible food. Result: clean water act regulated phosphorus
85
samples of ecosystems out of balance: Gulf of Mexico:
N + phosphorus from farm fields to Mississippi river to ocean; algal bloom “jubilee”, O2 free hypoxic dead zone
86
samples of ecosystems out of balance: Oregon Coast Dead Zone:
upwelling adding nutrients for phytoplankton, surface waters
87
HABs
harmful algal blooms occurring with increased nutrients @ late summer - increased energy; organisms: diatomsdinoflagellatescyanobacteria (anabaena)
88
How ocean acidification occurs:
increased CO2 absorbed in oceanin neritic zones; arthropods most affected
89
process of oceanic acidification
1. CO2 absorbed by ocean2. CO2 + H20 makes Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)3. that separates into; H+ and HCO3 (bicarbonate)4. Ca2 + CO3(2-) (Calcium carbonate) makes up skeletons and shells5. H+ from carbonic acid binds with CO3 making it so arthropods can’t make hard shellaffected: corals, lobsters, oysters, prawn, clams, crabs, coralline algae
90
plasmodial slime mold:
amoebozoaused to be considered fungisupercell ingests bacteria + protistsproduce stalks
91
euglenid
most photosynthetic, secondary endosymbiosis, flagella swim, SWIM FAST!
92
red algae:
multicellular marine, plantae, pigments in chloroplasts absorb blue + green, *phycoerythrin pigment
93
dinoflagellates
similar to decomposers, perpendicular flagella, distinct grooves
94
brown algae
multicellular, marine, photosynthetic olive-green, kelp forests*fucozanthin pigment
95
water molds:
formerly fungi, water molds (spores), have cellulose and DNA differs, , irish potato famine
96
diatoms
glassy cell walls, settle into sediments, commercially important (record of water through time)
97
glaucophyta
blue-green color, similar to ancestor, similar to first ancestor endosymbiotic relationship w/cyanobacteria (glauco-white peptidoglycan covering)
98
green algae:
photosynthetic, closely related to plants
99
chlorarachniophytes
cytoplasmic projections capture prey; pseudopods, chloroplasts evolved via secondary endosymbiosis of green alga.
100
cyanobacteria
formerly referred to as blue-green algae, evolved photosynthesis OLD!
101
stramenophile
hairy flagella: water molds, brown algae, and diatoms
