deck_4581374 Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
What is systematics?
A
study of biodiversity
2
Q
Systematics includes describing…
A
extant and extinct organisms.
3
Q
What is taxonomy?
A
The naming of organisms?
4
Q
What is phylogeny?
A
The recovery and reconstruction of evolutionary history
5
Q
What is cladistics?
A
The method of phylogenetics
6
Q
What are the basic principles?
A
Traits are inherited, species evolve (mutations) and changes traits are inherited, split species evolve independently
7
Q
What is apomorphy?
A
evolved character state (0->1)
8
Q
What is synapomorphy?
A
shared derived characteristics
9
Q
What is plesiomorphy?
A
Unchanged, ancestral condition (0)
10
Q
what is symplesiomorphy?
A
A shared ancestral trait.
11
Q
What is an outgroup?
A
taxon or taxa that is a presumed ancesto
12
Q
What is an automorphy?
A
Unique derived characteristic; a trait present in only one member of a lineage or in only one lineage among many.
13
Q
What is a homoplasy?
A
character shared by a set of species but not present in their common ancestor, ex evolution of the eye in different organisms
14
Q
What is analogy?
A
A similarity due to convergent evolution (common function) but not due to having a common ancestor (bat’s wings and bird’s wings)
15
Q
What is convergent evolution?
A
Evolution of two or more different lineages towards similar morphology due to similar adaptive pressures
16
Q
What is parsimony?
A
Building a tree with the least number of lines.
17
Q
What does a platogram show?
A
Topology
18
Q
What does a phylogram show?
A
The topology and changes.
19
Q
What does a chronogram show?
A
Change over time.
20
Q
What does a cladogram show?
A
Topology only (patterns). Length of edges doesn’t matter.
21
Q
What is an edge in terms of a graph?
A
The amount of change.
22
Q
What is homology?
A
The same characteristics in different organisms.
23
Q
What is homology used for?
A
To identify the relative location of changes during the evolution of species, and by embryology/oncology for molecule data.
24
Q
What is embryology?
A
Studies the development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses (about the whole organism)*
25
What is oncology?
the study and treatment of tumors.
26
How are homologous chromosomes identified?
by the relative location of phylogenetics
27
What is orthology?
Same genes in different organisms
28
What is a paralog?
Compares the original gene to its duplicate in a different organism.
29
What are primers?
They help you make a lot of copies of DNA.
30
What are xenologs?
DNA that is strange or foreign (virus).
31
Who was William Hennig?
A German antamologist. Got captured in Russia, released, then captures by Great Britain. He codified the rules of phylogenetics.
32
Is a purine more likely to mutate than a pyrimidine?
Yes, the purine is more likely to mutate.
33
What does using distance approaches do?
It finds what species look similar and puts them together.
34
Do we use distance approaches (phenetic methods)?
No, because its misleading.
35
What is maximum likelihood use?
Probability.
36
What is maximum likelihood use?
To determine the connections in the taxon tree.
37
What are Baysian Methods?
They give confidence in your output, and are usually very long trees.
38
What is bootstrapping?
Using your own data to test your data.
39
Phylogenies are ____
hypotheses
40
Taxonomy should reflect ____
phylogeny, their names should reflect relationships
41
What is polytomy?
Multiple branch points
42
What is consensus?
The tree is resolved where there is agreement.
43
Monophyletic taxa
"one branch", name the includes ancestors and all its descendants
44
What is paraphyletic taxa?
Name that includes ancestor and some of its descendants
45
What is a polyphyletic taxa?
Name that includes many ancestors and its descendants; not common
46
What monkeys are on the phylogenetic tree?
Lemurs, New World Monkeys, Old World Monkeys, Great Apes, Pongo, Gorilla, and Pan.
47
Who are the New World Monkeys?
Monkeys who reside from Southern America and residing islands. (include howlers, Capuchin, tamarins, squirrel monkeys, and dozens other )
48
Who are the Old World Monkeys?
Monkeys that reside from Africa and Australia. (Include gibbons and 78 others)
49
What is ecology?
The branch of biology that investigates what determines the abundance of organisms, the relationship to each other, and their relation to the environment.
50
What did Ernst Haekel do?
Publish Oekologie.
51
What is year zero, and why?
1859, the year the Origin of Species was published.
52
Ecology is born out of ____
natural history
53
What are the species concepts?
Typological, Biological, Evolutionary, Phylogenetic, Evolutionary Phylogenetic, Morphological.
54
What is the typological species concept
Aristolean idea of ideos, type specimen
55
What is type specimen?
It represents an ideal specimen.
56
What is the biological species concept
Diagnosed by reproductive abilities. You can be diagnosed with something and not know the cause.
57
What is a hybrid?
Liger, Tion (Ernst Mayer)
58
What is the morphological species concept
Diagnosed by morphology; ontological.
59
What is ontology?
the branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being.
60
What is the evolutionary species concept
Ed Wiley; species are populations with a unique history and independently evolving trajectories
61
What is the phylogenetic species concept
The reference used for a population of a set of synapomorphies
62
What are autopomorphies?
Traits bound in this species and nothing else.
63
What is the evolutionary phylogenetic species concept
Evolutionary and phylogenetic species concepts combined.
64
What are ecosystem services?
Things the environment and ecology does (ex - pollination)
65
What is autoecology?
The ecology of a single species, the relations between that species and its environment, how the species affects the environment and how it is affected by the environment.
66
Occam's razor
The preferred explanation is the right one
67
What is parsimonious?
Is cheap/simple
68
What are modular organisms?
Organisms that grow by adding organisms. Ex. Plants
69
What are Unitary organisms?
Have determinate growth that is predictable. Ex. Humans
70
What is Biomass?
is used when organisms are difficult to count because of their size, form, or discriminating between individuals is difficult
71
Census (N)
Every individual is counted, high detect-ability, ex. Rhinos
72
Population index (Ni)
the population goes up, down, or has no change. ex. catching acorns in bascets
73
N^hat population estimates
detection probability, requires repeated sampling
74
What is CMR?
Capture, mark, recapture
75
What is density?
the number of organisms per unit area
76
What is dispersion?
the relative location if individuals to each other.
77
What are the types of dispersion spacing?
random, clumped, and uniform.
78
Random dispersion
Randomly distributed; likely have organisms that do not interact in a way that affects their spatial arrangement..
79
What is the equation for random dispersion?
G^2/x = 1
80
Clumped dispersion
Individuals that are attracted to each other. Variance large compared to the mean or organisms that are attracted to each other.
81
What is the equation for clumped dispersion?
G^2/x > 1
82
Uniform dispersion
Interact in a way to repel each other. Low variance; paired.
83
What is the equation for uniform dispersion?
G^2/x
84
n^hat =
M X C/ R
85
N^95CI (+-)
1.965sqrtG^2
86
Schnabel Index
N^hat = Sigma Mt * Sigma Ct/ Sigma Rt
87
G^(t/2)
(M + 1)(C + 1)(M - r)(C - R)/(R + 1)^2(R + 2)
88
Cormack-Jolly-Seber Model
Assume periods of open population and can incorporate net shyness.
89
How do you sample in CJS models?
Sample turning a closed period, then sample during an open period.
90
What is dispersion highly dependent on?
scale
91
Nt =
N0e^rt (N0 = initial population) (r = growth rate)
92
Relative to Nt, when does a population double?
N0 turns to 2N0
93
t =
ln(2)/r
94
What are the types of vital rates?
Birth (B), death (D), emigration (E), immigration (I), birth rates (b), death rates (d), emigration rates (e), and immigration rates (i).
95
What are the changes in population genetics?
Pop w/ non overlapping, pop w/ overlapping, changing N, changing R
96
Delta N =
B + D + E + I
97
R0 represents
Net replacement rate
98
Ni represents
Age
99
Non overlapping populations
reproduce then dies (N3 = N0RoRoRo)
100
Populations with overlapping generations
Reproduce and still lives
101
K represents
Carrying capacity, the maximum number of individuals an area can support
102
n represents
offspring/female
103
dn/dt =
Nr(K - N/K)
104
What is lag?
longer gestation, bigger osscilation
105
How are rates related to slopes?
Rates are slopes, rates are changing because the slopes are constantly changing.
106
Starting population amount doesn't affect ___
Rate of growth
107
r =
b - d (intrinsic growth rate)
108
What is the increasing the initial population have to do with the growth rage?
Nothing
109
Under what condition do you get a flat line and what values do you need to have a negative line?
Starting population is constant
110
Is carrying capacity constant?
No, never, they change every time.
111
Formula for logistic growth (deterministic)?
Nt = k/1 + (K - N0/N0)e^-rt
112
Stochastic model
model with uncertainty
113
Nt = N0e^rt gives ___
mean and standard deviation
114
Life cycles are ____
Stage structured
115
What are the types of stage structures?
Age structured, homometabolous, and mixture
116
Holometabolous
Metamorphosis -> egg, larvae, pupae, adults
117
Age structured
Humans, 0-5, 6-10, etc
118
Mixture structure
Seed->Seedling->adult->adult 10-20....etc
119
What are the types of life tables?
Cohort (follow from birth) or longitudinal;
120
What is a static life table?
Snapshot of a population
121
What are the uses of life tables?
population age structure;
122
Who are actuaries?
people who's job it is to make life tables
123
Nx life tables
of individuals that are eggs, larvae, etc
124
lx on life tables represents
cohort survival; how many are left at each step
125
sx on life tables represents
survival from one step to the next
126
dx on life tables represents
probability of death during x; Lx - next Lx
127
fx on life tables represents
of young; fecundity
128
mx on life tables represents
fx/nx = # of offspring per female
129
lxmx on life tables represents
replacement rate of populations
130
R0 on life tables represents
Sigma lxmx
131
Gt on life tables represents
Sigma x lx mx/R0
132
What form of population regulation are an example of density dependence?
Contagious diseases, food, competition resources, regulation becomes stronger as density increases
133
What form of population regulation are an example of density independence?
Weather(Insects/Invertebrate), Vector born diseases.
134
Iteroparous
Reproductive bats
135
Mutualism Symbiosis
A subset of mutualisms where anything can't live without the other.
