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M:1 year > deck_695151 > Flashcards

deck_695151 Flashcards

2
Q

Development of the testis

A

7th week of gestation: Testes form26th week of gestation: Testes descend into scrotum at thru inguinal canal as the gubernaculum shortens

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3
Q

seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, excurrent ducts origin

A

Mesonephric duct

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4
Q

seminiferous tubules, straight tubules, retes testis origin

A

Indifferent gonads

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5
Q

prostate origin

A

Primordium in pelvic urethra

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6
Q

Determination of Sex

A

1) genetic sex - Y chromosome at time of fertilization2) Gonandal sex - activation of SRY gene3) Hormonal sex - leydig cells produce testosterone 5alpha-reductase - DHT • Sertoli cells produce Mullerian-inhibiting factor

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7
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

thick dense CT capsule covering each testis divides testes into lobules by septa

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8
Q

Tunica vasculosa

A

inner looser portion of testicular CT capsule w/ blood vessels

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9
Q

Blood supply to testis

A

Testicular artery • Pampiniform plexus • VeinsVas deferens w/ blood supplyCremasteric mm. w/ blood supplyVast plexus of arteries to cool blood - counter current heat exchange: warmer blood supplying seminiferous tubules passes cooler blood in plexus • Sperm need slightly lower temperatures for motility

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10
Q

pathway for gamete to travel

A

Seminiferous tubules - Spermatogenesis (meiosis) and spermiogenesis (maturation)Straight tubules – no spermatogonia or spermatocytes -> empty into retes testisRetes testis (in mediastinum) - efferent ductules - epididymus - vas deferens - ejaculatory duct - merge w/ urethra in prostate

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11
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Leydig cellsSpermatogenic cells Peritubular cells Sertoli cells

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12
Q

Sertoli cells

A

-supporting or sustentacular cells-do not replicate after puberty (G0)-Columnar epithelium-extensive apical and lateral processes that surround spermatogenic cells -> blood-sperm barrier

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13
Q

Luminal vs basal compartment

A

barrier formed by sertoli cell processesLuminal compartment – meiotic cells, spermatocytes, post-meiotic cells, spermatidsBasal compartment – mitotic cells, spermatogoniaPhysical compartmentalization Permeability barrier

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14
Q

Exocrine and endocrine secretory function of sertoli cells

A

• Secrete fluid that facilitates passage of maturing sperm along seminiferous tubules• Secrete androgen-binding protein: binds and concentrates testosterone and DHT in luminal compartment  essential in sperm dev.• Secrete inhinin: involved in feedback loop that inhibits FSH release from anterior pit.• Secrete plasminogen activator: converts plasminogen to active hormone plasmin• Secrete transferrin: iron transporting protein

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15
Q

Spermatogenic cells

A

derived from primordial germ cells (yolk sac)• Spermatogonial cells (mitotic) - on basal lamina• Spermatocytes (meiotic) • Spermatids (post meiotic: mature into sperm) - near tubule lumen

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16
Q

Peritubular cells

A

specialized smooth muscle cell• Propels maturing gametes out of seminiferous epithelium

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17
Q

Leydig cells

A

interstitial cells - Synthesize and secrete testosterone• Eosinophilic• Numerous lip drops • Lipofuscin pigment• Distinct rod shaped crystals of Reinke• Extensive SER and Mitochondria with tubular cristae

18
Q

Hormonal regulation of male reproductive function

A

• Sertoli cells haveFSH receptors• Leydig cells have LH and estradiol receptors• leydig and serotoli cells communicate

19
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  • the process by which spermatogonia develop into sperm- Begins shortly before puberty under rising levels of gonadotropins continues for majority of man’s life - mitosis and meiosis- Spermatogonial phase- Spermatocyte phase- Spermatid phase (spermiogenesis
20
Q

Spermatogonial phase

A

spermatogonia/stem cells divide by mitosis to replace themselves and provide a population of committed spermatogonia cells that will undergo meiosis• 3 types of spermatogonia (begin as A dark -> pale -> B -> 1° spermatocytes -> meiosis)

21
Q

Spermatocyte phase

A
  • spermatocytes undergo meiosis to reduce chromosome # and DNA content producing haploid spermatids• Primary spermatocytes (2N4C) undergo meiosis to reduce both the chromosome number and DNA amount - Crossing over and independent assortment insure genetic diversity of gametes• Secondary spermatocytes (1N2C) -> meitosis 2 lasts a few hours -> spermatids (1N1C)
22
Q

Spermatid phase

A

Spermatid undergo extensive remodeling as they differentiate into mature sperm -> 4 stages

23
Q

Acrosomal cap

A

contains hyaluronidase, neuramidase, acid phosphatase and acrosin• Like a vesicle• Makes zona pellucida of oocyte permeable- Acrosome reaction -> release of acrosomal enzyme occurs as sperm touches egg

24
Q

Principal piece

A

approx. 40 picom and contains the axoneme as well as a dense fibrous sheath of proteins that play a role in directing the beat of flagella

25
Q

Sperm maturation

A

• Morphological maturation – in seminiferous tubules: mitosis, meiosis and sperm maturation• Functional maturation – in epididymis as sperm gain motility

26
Q

process of fertilization

A

• Stabilization of sperm membrane• Capacitation• Binding of sperm to zona pellucida• Acrosome reaction • Sperm moves through zona pellucida - acrosomal enzymes digest a holeflagella propels spermto the oocyte membrane• Binding of sperm to oocyte membrane and enter of sperm nucleus (penetration)• Fertilization – replication and fusion of pronuclei (amphimixis) and first cleavage division (mitosis).

27
Q

Stabilization

A

in seminiferous tubules, epididymus and secretion of seminal vessicles- cholesterol and glycoproteins added to sperm plasma membrane

28
Q

Capacitation

A

in female tract – cholesterol is removed from sperm plasma membrane and sugar-specific selectins are inserted into the sperm membrane at equatorial region of head

29
Q

Binding of sperm to zona pellucida

A

in oviduct as sugar receptors on sperm bind to sugar residues on glycoproteins of zona pellucida

30
Q

Acrosome reaction

A

– in oviduct – sperm makes contact w/ zona pellucida• Fusion of acrosomal and plasma membrane occurs and acrosome contents are released near and contacting zona pellucida

31
Q

Rete Testis

A

complex series of interconnecting channels w/ highly vascular CT of the mediastinum testis• Simple cuboidal or low columnar• Single apical cilium• Few short microvillisperm from straight tubules -> efferent ductules

32
Q

Intratesticular Ducts

A

– seminiferous tubules, tubuli recti/straight tubules and retes testi

33
Q

Excurrent Duct System

A

efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, seminal vesicles

34
Q

Efferent Ductules

A

connect rete testis to epidydimus• Pseudostratified columnar epithelium• Alternate b/w tall and short cells  saw tooth or festooned appearance• Tall cells – few cilia• Short cells – actively reabsorb fluid secreted by the seminiferous epithelium- Several cell layers of smooth mm cells and interspersed elastic tissue• Ciliary action and smooth mm contraction aid in transport of sperm through efferent d’s

35
Q

Epididymis

A

contains the efferent ductules and the duct of the epididymis• Highly coiled• Site of sperm maturation; gain motility and ability to fertilize an oocyte• Androgen dependent• Highly vascular CT and smooth mm covering• Pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ stereocilia - principle cells: reabsorb fluid; phagocytose residual bodies not removed by sertoli cells and any degraded sperm• First place of male reproductive that lymphocytes appear

36
Q

Vas Deferens

A

– longest and thickest portion of the excurrent ducts  3 distinct and thick layers of smooth mm (longitudinal, circular, longitudinal)- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with sterocillia; basal cells; mucosa thrown into folds b/c of thick muscle layers- Direct continuity with epididymis- Ascends along posterior border of testis close to testicular vessels and nerves- Enters abdomen as part of spermatic cord, passes thru inguinal canal

37
Q

Accesory sex glands

A
  • Seminal vesicles – secrete a fructose rich fluid; metabolic substances for sperm- Prostate gland (largest male sex gland) – secretes acid phosphatase, fibrinolysin, citric acid and prostate-specific antigen (PSA)- Bulbourethral/ Cowper’s glands – secrete pre-seminal fluid, mucus w/ galactose to lubricate penile urethra
38
Q

prostate

A

Parenchyma divided into 4 anotomical zones• Peripheral zone – site of most prostatic carcinoma• Central zone – resistant to inflammation and carcinoma• Transitional zone – mucosal glands; site of BPH - nodular masses compress urethra• Periurethral zone - main site of benign tumor• Glands are highly irregular in shape and lined with variable epithelium• Concretions (diagnostic)  calcium carbonate deposites, accumulate w/ age• Stroma is rich in Smooth mm. (diagnostic)

M:1 year (19 decks)

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