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Deep Back Muscles, Suboccipital Triangle Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the torso?

A

Head, neck, and trunk

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2
Q

What makes up the skeleton of the torso?

A

axial skeleton plus pelvic girdle

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3
Q

Two functions of the vertebral column

A

stability and flexibility, considered diametrically opposed

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4
Q

_____ are required for mobility

A

joints

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5
Q

Functional unit of the vertebral column

A

two vertebral bodies, an intervertebral disc, and two pairs of facet joints

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6
Q

What does the functional unit of the vertebrae do?

A

bears compressive loads and also allows for flexibility

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7
Q

How is movement of the vertebrae amplified?

A

each functional unit as a small range of movement but can be amplified by summation to allow for large flexibility over the length of the vertebrae

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8
Q

The joints of the vertebrae are considered to be what type of functional joint

A

amphiarthrotic joints

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9
Q

What do the facet joints do?

A

determine type of movement that occurs around intervertebral disc and limit its range of motion

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10
Q

Facet joints are considered what type of functional joint?

A

synovial joints

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11
Q

How many vertebral lever arms of each vertebra?

A

3

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12
Q

What are the 3 vertebral lever arms?

A

spinous processes, paired transverse processes, paired costal elements (ribs)

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13
Q

Which vertebrae express vertebral arms? Which vertebral region has the best development of them?

A

all vertebrae express vertebral arms, but they are best developed in the thoracic region

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14
Q

The thoracic vertebrae are specialized to form the ______, which has what function?

A

thoracic cage; moves air in and out of the lungs

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15
Q

Which set of ribs is the most highly specialized set of lever arms?

A

thoracic ribs

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16
Q

What do the thoracic ribs exhibit?

A

synovial articulations with both the vertebral bodies and sternum

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17
Q

The anterior portions of the thoracic costal elements (ribs) are what type of joint?

A

cartilaginous, therefore they provide flexibility

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18
Q

The cartilaginous anterior portions of the thoracic ribs enables it to do what?

A

act as bellows, increasing its transverse diameter

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19
Q

How many groups of muscles in the torso?

A

three

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20
Q

What are the three groups of the torso?

A

muscles of the trunk walls, muscular diaphragms, muscles of the head and neck

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21
Q

Description of muscles of the trunk walls

A

somatic muscles following a segmental pattern

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22
Q

Description of the muscular diaphragms

A

thoracic, pelvic, and urogenital diaphragms, larynx and pharyngeal
constrictors and suprapleural membranes

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23
Q

Description of the muscles of the head and neck

A 
some are from embryonic somites but most are derived from
embryonic branchial (gill) arches and have a complex organization
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24
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the back

A

-fall within the group of muscles of the trunk wall, posterior paired longitudinal groups of muscles

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25
Where do intrinsic muscles of the back attach?
attach to lever arms of the vertebrae and only lever arms of the vertebrae
26
Are intrinsic muscles of the back superficial or deep?
Deep
27
The deep muscles of the back are often collectively referred to as
erector spinae muscle mass
28
Action of the erector spinae muscle mass
maintenance of posture and movements of the head ands vertebral column
29
What are the muscle groups of the back?
superficial, intermediate, and deep
30
Superficial group is responsible for?
Limb movement
31
Intermediate group is responsible for?
Respiration
32
Intermediate extrinsic muscles (2 of them)
-serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior
33
Where are the intermediate extrinsic muscles found?
under the rhomboids and latissimus dorsi
34
What are the intermediate extrinsic muscles innervated by?
dorsal rami of the intercostal nerves
35
Serratus posterior superior action
elevator of the ribs
36
Serratus posterior inferior action
depressor or fixor of the lower ribs
37
What muscles are in the superficial layer of the intrinsic muscles of the back
splenius captius and splenius cervicis
38
Splenius capitis attachment
origin: half of the ligamentum nuchae as well as the spinous processes of T1-6 insertion: mastoid process and lateral 1/3 of the superior nuchal line on the occipital bone
39
Splenius cervicis attachment
Origin: half of the ligamentum nuchae as well as the spinous processes of T1-6 Insertion: posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of C1-4 deep to the levator scapulae
40
Action of spenius mm. together and separate
separate: laterally flex and rotate the head to the same side together: they extend the head and neck
41
What muscles are in the intermediate layer of intrinsics?
3 muscles collectively called the erector spinae; separate they are the spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis
42
Attachment of the spinalis m.
common inferior origin to the sacrum, iliac crest and sacroiliac ligament and extends to rom spinous process to spinous process (medical column)
43
Attachment of the longissimus muscle
common inferior origin to the sacrum, iliac crest and sacroiliac ligament and extends to the transverse processes and ribs
44
Attachment of the iliocostalis m.
common inferior origin to the sacrum, iliac crest and sacroiliac ligament and extends to the angles of the ribs (medial column)
45
Function of the erector spinae
extend the head and vertebral column and can unilaterally flex it
46
Muscles of the deep layer of intrinsics (1st group)?
semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidus -collectively called the transversospinal group
47
Transversospinal group attachment
extend obliquely from transverse process below to spines or laminae above, missing several vertebrae between origin and insertion
48
Multifidus location
superficial to the rotators and misses one or two vertebrae between origin and insertion
49
Muscles of the deep layer of intrinsic muscles (second group)?
-rotatores and intertransverse
50
Rotatores action and attachment
action: rotation (turning side to side) attachment: deepest muscles in the groove between spinous and transverse processes; they span spinous to transverse process along the whole column
51
Where is the rotatores m. best visualized?
thoracic region
52
Intertransverse m. action and attachment
action: lateral flexors attachment: linking adjacent transverse processes
53
Interspinales mm. attachment and action
Action: extensors attachment: uniting the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
54
The interspinales and intertransverse groups are best developed where?
lumbar and cervical regions
55
Suboccipital triangle location
-triangular area around the articulation between the occipital bone of the skull and the superior end of the vertebral column (C1 - the atlas and C2 - the axis) -region is deep to the semispinalis capitus
56
Suboccipital triangle boundaries
floor: atlanto-occipital membrane roof: semispinalis capitus m. lateral: superior oblique m. medial: rectus capitus major inferior: inferior oblique m.
57
Main constituent of the suboccipital triangle
vertebral artery
58
Location of vertebral artery in the suboccipital triangle
passes medially after ascending through transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae, and before it accesses the cranial cavity through the foramen magnum
59
Where is the foramen magnum located?
occipital bone
60
Why is the suboccipital triangle clinically important?
because of the vertebral artery artherosclerosis, prolonged turning of the head - or looking upward (hyper-extension) - may cause dizziness due to impaired blood flow in this region
61
4 muscles of the subpoccipital region
-rectus capitis major m. -rectus capitis minor m. -superior oblique m. -inferior oblique m. -
62
Attachment of rectus capitis major
extends from C2 to the skull
63
Attachment of rectus capitis minor
extends from C1 to the skull
64
Action of rectus capitus major and minor
together: extend head and posture separate: rotate head to the same side
65
Superior oblique attachment
extends from C1 to the skull
66
Inferior oblique attachment
extends from C2 to C1 (pulls on the atlas)
67
What is the atlas
1st cervical vertebra
68
Contents of the suboccipital triangle
- vertebral artery | - suboccipital n.
69
What spinal nerve does the suboccipital n. branch from?
C1; it is the dorsal ramus of C1

ANA (17 decks)

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