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PSYCHOLOGY COMPONET 2 > DEEP REVISION OF COMPONET 2 > Flashcards

DEEP REVISION OF COMPONET 2 Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

WHAT DOES ‘AIM’ MEAN

A

initial statement of what the researchers want to find in their study

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2
Q

WHAT DOES ‘HYPOTHESIS’ MEAN

A

formal testable statement of the relationship between two variables

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3
Q

WHAT DOES ‘NULL HYPOTHESIS’ MEAN

A

says that their will be no significant differnt between the variables

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4
Q

WHAT DOES ‘DIRECTIONAL ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS’ MEAN

A

says the direction of difference between the variables/groups

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5
Q

WHAT DOES ‘NON-DIRECTIONAL ALTERNATIVE HYPHOTHESIS’ MEAN

A

says that there will be a difference between the two variables but not the direction of the difference

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6
Q

WHAT IS THE IV

A

what the researcher controls

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7
Q

WHAT IS THE DV

A

what is measured

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8
Q

WHAT ARE CO-VARIABLES

A

involved in correlation data and provides quantitative format

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9
Q

WHAT IS THE HAWETHORNE EFFECT

A

changing behaviour through being watched

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10
Q

SOCIAL DESIRABILITY BIAS

A

changing response to seem more posistive

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11
Q

PROS AND CONS OF LABORATORY

A

+highly controlled
+cause and effect easily found
-lacks ecological validity

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12
Q

PROS AND CONS OF FIELD

A

+natural setting
-not consistent
+cheap
+less demand characteristics

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13
Q

PROS AND CONS OF ONLINE

A

+quick
+anonymous
+accessible
- aytipical respondants

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14
Q

WHAT ARE EXPERIMENTS

A

they include IV which is manipulated to workout effect on DV, involoves 2 conditions with different IV which participants are randomly allocated to

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15
Q

WHAT ARE QUASI EXPERIMENTS (NATURAL)

A

not ethical to manipulate the IV so participants who already have the variation are selected

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16
Q

WHAT ARE QUASI EXPERIMENTS(DIFFERENCE)

A

not possible to manipuulate the IV as it is a naturally occuring difference between people

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17
Q

WHAT ARE OBSERVATIONS(NON-PARTICIPANT)

A

researcher watches target behaviour but does not get involved

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18
Q

WHAT ARE OBSERVATIONS(PARTICIPANT)

A

researcher watches target behaviour whilst being involved with activites

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19
Q

WHAT IS COVERT/OVERT OBSERATIONS

A

covert is when the participant is not aware that they are being watched whereas overt is when the participants are aware that they are being watched

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20
Q

CONTENT ANALYSIS

A

when qualitative material are analysed for themes/catergories, researcher decides what behaviour they’re intrested in and then counts the frequency of these behaviours in the qualitative material, this is the process of turning qualitative material into quantitative material

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21
Q

WHAT ARE STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS

A

self report questions that follow a set list of questions that cannot be altered , the prest questions can be open closed or a mixture of both

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22
Q

WHAT ARE SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS

A

self report methods that only have some preset questions but the researcher has the scope to ask additional questions if needed

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23
Q

WHAT IS CORRELATION DATA

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A

data analyses the strength of the relationship between 2 co-variables,this produces a correlation coefficent of -1 to +1

24
Q

WHAT ARE CASE STUDIES

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A

detailed research often involving mltiple methods which is normally longitudinal, & often involves one person or small groups, this provides rich qualitative/quantitative data on all ascpects of the persons life

25
WHAT ARE SELF REPORTS
where participants provides the researcher information about themselves rather than the researcher making the judgements this is usally done privately
26
WHAT IS A LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH
research carried out on a group over a period of time, the length will vary due to the topic of research, also the methodology will vary
27
WHAT IS CROSS-SECTIONAL RESEARCH
research that compares groups of society at the same time,aims to research similar topics to longitudinal but at the same time
28
WHAT ARE BRAIN SCANS
involves researching the brian via scaning device e.g; - PET scan- FDG tracer is injected which is taken up by the brains active sites - CAT scans- 3D pictures of the brain is taken by a computer - MRI scan - uses magnets to check alignment of atoms in the brain
29
PROS AND CONS OF EXPERIMENTS
+highly controlled +esthablishes cause & effect -lacks ecological valiudity
30
PROS AND CONS OF QUASI EXPERIMENTS(NATURAL & DIFFERENCE)
+less time consuming +includes participants which are not included in repeated measures -hawthorne effect -selection bias
31
PROS AND CONS OF INDEPENDENT MEASURES(EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN)
+no order effect | -individual differences
32
PROS AND CONS OF REPEATED MEASURES(EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN)
+no individual differences | -order effect
33
PROS AND CONS OF MATCHED PAIRS(EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN)
+no individual differences | -time consuming
34
PROS AND CONS OF PARTICIPANT OBSERVATIONS
+more valid | -less control
35
PROS AND CONS OF NON PARTICIPANT OBSERVATIONS
+objective/unbiased | -validity reduced as you dont know things from their perspective
36
PROS AND CONS OF CONTENT ANALYSIS
+catergories more replicable - time consuming - one person analyes data so accuracy/reliability is reduced
37
PROS AND CONS OF STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS
+standardized questions more replicable | -unrepresentative
38
PROS AND CONS OF SEMI STRUCTRED INTERVIEWS
+flexible and in depth | -time consuming as you need to train researchers to ask extra questions
39
PROS AND CONS OF CORRELATION
``` +reliable +scientific +allows us to see a relationship -does not show causeastion -not 100% valid ```
40
PROS AND CONS OF CASE STUDIES
+It is relevant to all parties involved. +It uses a number of different research methodologies. -It requires a small sample size to be effective. -It takes longer to analyze the data.
41
PROS AND CONS OF SELF REPORT
-answers may be exaggerated; respondents may be too embarrassed to reveal private details +data is that it can be easy to obtain. It is also the main way that clinicians diagnose their patients—by asking questions
42
PROS AND CONS OF LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH
-time consuming -data is not 100% reliable +flexible +provides high accuracy when observing changes
43
PROS AND CONS OF CROSS SECTIONAL RESEARCH
+time and cost effective +data works for various types of research -cause and effect not easily found -ma not be representative/historical validity
44
PROS AND CONS OF BRAIN SCANS
+more replicable +cause and effect easily found -simplifyes complex behaviour -expensive technology needed
45
WHAT IS VALIDITY(EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL)
internal validity is when the study is accurately mesuring what its meant to measure,but external validity is when the real settings of the target population are represented
46
WHAT IS RELIABILTY(EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL)
internal reliability is when the elements of the test measure the same thing, but external reliability means that the study is consistent so the research can be repeated
47
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF VALIDITY
- content validity involves epert in particular to the reseach deciding wheter or not the research is measuring the intended content, researcher may ask expert to evaluate the validity so researcher can supply improvements - concurrent validity involves using chosen test and another test researching similar subject and checking if participants obtain similar scores - face validity involves checking if the measure looks like ir is measuring what the reasearcher inteds - predictive validity is wheter the scores on a test predict what they expected
48
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF RELIABILITY
- Test retest reliability - measure is administered to the same group of twice on different occasions - Split half reliability - participants have complete the questionnaires splitting it into two halves and comparing scores - Inter rater reliability - research requires 2 researchers to record behaviour to record results of raters - Lack of valid consent - when participants are not told -everything that may affect their reason to participate - Deception - misleading the participating thinking the study is true
49
WHAT IS SAMPLING
the action or process of taking samples of something for analysis.
50
WHAT IS THE TARGET POPULATION
total group of individuals from which the sample might be drawn(theoretical population)
51
WHAT IS A SAMPLE FRAME
a list of items or people forming a population from which a sample is taken
52
WHAT IS A SAMPLE
the group of participants that take part in the study
53
WHAT IS A REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE
where the subset of a population seeks to accurately reflects the characteristics of a larger group
54
WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO HAVING A BIASED SAMPLE
- sample size must represent the behaviours ommitted by both genders in natural setting's - age bias because if certiain age groups are ommitted then behaviour may not be representative - culturre bias as if only one of the target populations cultures is represented then results are not reprsentative
55
WHAT ARE SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
they are different ways in which a researcher can obtain their sample

PSYCHOLOGY COMPONET 2 (1 decks)

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