deez nuts Flashcards
(256 cards)
1
Q
What is a flowering plant divided into monocots and dicots
A
angiosperm
2
Q
What is another word for the plant life cycle, where a plant can exist as either a diploid or a haploid organism?
A
alternation of generations
3
Q
What is a male gametangia in bryophytes and ferns designed to produced flagellated sperm that swim to meet up with the eggs produced by the female gametangia?
A
Antheridium
4
Q
What is a female gametangia in brypophtes, ferms and gymnosperms?
A
Archegonium
5
Q
What is an example of a charophyte and a chlorophyte?
A
green algae
6
Q
What is the function of a cuticle of a leaf? (NOT THE ONE ON THE FINGERNAIL COURTNEY)
A
TO MINIMIZE WATER LOSS BY EVAPORATION
7
Q
Is a Gametophyte diploid or haploid?
A
haploid
8
Q
is a Sporophyte diploid or haploid?
A
diploid
9
Q
what are sex cells produced during meiosis called?
A
gametes
10
Q
Where are grana found in the chloroplast?
A
the thylakoid membrane
11
Q
What kind of roots serve to hold a plant down in the soil?
A
lateral roots
12
Q
what kind of cells extend all the way through the plant from roots and shoots?
A
lateral meristems
13
Q
what kind of cells provide secondary growth that increases the girth of a plant?
A
lateral meristems
14
Q
a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants
A
monophyletic
15
Q
what was the event that is described as the rapid increase in atmospheric oxygen that took place 2.3 billion years ago, dooming many prokaryotic groups?
A
the oxygen revolution
16
Q
_____ allow molecules to travel between plant cells through the symplastic pathway
A
Plasmodesmata
17
Q
Losing electrons is also known as ____, gaining electrons is _____
A
oxidizing, reduction
18
Q
What is the function of root hairs?
A
to increase the surface area (for absorption of water and nutrients from the soil) CLER BER HEURS
19
Q
what are known as functionally mature cells of the phloem that are alive?
A
sieve-tube elements
20
Q
what is a spore?
A
a haploid cell produced in the sporophyte by meiosis
21
Q
What are stacks of grana known as?
A
a thylakoid
22
Q
a _____ is a character or trait that is shared by two or more taxonomic groups and is derived through evolution from a common ancestral form
A
synapomorphy (wtf i know)
23
Q
what are the products of photosynthesis?
A
glucose and oxygen
24
Q
WHat type of chlorophyll is responsible for making plants green?
A
chlorophyll b
25
what are cells that are tightly wrapped around the veins of a leaf?
bundle sheath cells
26
what type of cells are the site for the calvin cycle in c4 plants?
bundle sheath cells
27
what was the first major seed plant to evolve?
gymnosperm
28
where are guard cells located?
the epidermis
29
what is the function of the guard cells?
control the opening and closing of the stomata
30
true or false: the wing of a bat and the human arm is an example of an analogous structure?
false, it is an example of homology
31
true or false: the wings of a butterfly and the wings of a hummingbird is an example of an analogous structure?
true
32
what are the functions of the cell wall?
provide rigidity, structural support, aids in diffusion of gases in and out of the cell
33
the cell wall is composed of _____
cellulose
34
where are collenchyma cells located in the plant?
stems and leaves
35
where are parenchyma cells found?
mesophyll cells
36
what is the function of sclerenchyma cells?
protects seeds and support plant
37
what kind of tissue is known as the outer protective coating?
dermal tissue
38
true or false: the epidermis is a layer of loosely packed cells
nah bitch, they're tightly packed cells
39
what part of the stem contains collenchyma, parenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells?
the cortex
40
what are the functions of the xylem?
strengthens the plant, passage way for transport of water and minerals
41
what is known as the "highway of sugars?"
phloem
42
the ____ carries away products of photosynthesis
phloem
43
What is known as the cell wall of the endodermis which possesses a woody and corky band?
the casparian strip (on this DICK)
44
what kind of cells leads to the increase in length of plant?
apical meristem
45
apical meristem is known as primary or secondary growth?
primary
46
lateral meristem is known as primary or secondary growth?
secondary
47
what kind of cells leads to the increase in width of plant?
lateral meristem
48
what is an advantage to c4 plants?
prevent excess transpiration
49
what kind of plant's stomata remains closed on a hot day?
c4
50
Alteration of generation happens in animals. True or false?
False, only occurs in land plants. Alteration of generations is a multicellular haploid and a multicellular diploid
51
what is a c3 plant?
a "normal" plant
52
what do c3 plants lack?
pep c
53
c3 plants have rubisco. True or False?
True
54
A root cell hair is multicellular, true or false?
False, a root hair cell is a single cell
55
Angiosperm life cycle has triple fertilization, true or false?
False, it has double fertilization(results in endosperm and embryo)
56
Why does water potential matter?
Predicts fluid movement in a plant
57
What are the two components of water potential?
pressure potential + solute potential
58
when does a plant lose its cuticle?
only if it is a woody plant
59
_____ is an increase in disorder
entropy
60
guard cells are _______ cells
epidermal
61
are sieve elements alive or dead?
alive
62
the Calvin Cycle is also known as __________
the dark reactions
63
first law of thermodynamics is that energy cannot be _______ or _______
created, destroyed
64
How many layers of epidermal cells make up the epidermis?
one layer
65
the basic unit of fungi is called _____
hyphae
66
what is mycelium?
a mass of hyphae, "branching" of fungi
67
What are the 3 types of asexual reproduction in fungi?
spores in sporangia, conida (also spores) in conidiophores, budding
68
which type of asexual reproduction is for single celled fungus?
budding (TANT bud)
69
_____ meristems is an example of primary growth, and _____ meristems is an example of secondary growth.
Apical, lateral
70
primary growth occurs in.......?
all land plants
71
secondary growth occurs in........?
conifers and some eudicots
72
Pollen contains ________ which birds or bees pick up and move around from plant to plant in inadvertently.
sperm
73
What are the 4 features of all plants?
Starch, chlorophyll b, cellulose and thylakoids
74
What is a plasmodesmata?
extensions of cell membrane through pores in cell wall
75
A female sex organ that produces egg
archegonium
76
a male sex organ that produces sperm
antheridium
77
What does meiosis in land plants produce?
spores
78
What is multi cellular, jacketed sex organs?
gametangia
79
Another name for land plants is...
embryophytes
80
What process describes:
1. ) Diploid ---> Haploid = ?
2. ) Haploid ---> Diploid = ?
1. ) Meiosis
| 2. ) Fertilization
81
The 2 generations that arose independently in evolution several/many times from alternation of generations are:
Sporophyte (diploid, 2n) and Gametophyte (haploid, 1n)
82
What is an angiosperm?
A plant that has flowers and produces seeds enclosed in a carpel
83
What is the cell plate?
The structure found inside the dividing cells of land plants
84
______ is a protecting film covering the epidermis of leaves without periderm.
cuticle
85
What is a diploid?
Cell that has paired chromosomes, one from each parent
86
In plants, in which the embryo is retained within maternal tissue and which include the bryophytes and tracheophytes is an ______
embryophyte
87
When a cell has half the usual number of chromosomes, it is called?
haploid
88
What is the oxygen revolution?
The biologically induced appearance of O2 in earths atmosphere
89
The asexual, and usually diploid stage, producing spores from which the gametophyte arises is called?
Sporophyte
90
what is a major component of the outer walls of plant spores, pollen and grains?
sporopollenin
91
This type of phyla of land plants is confined to damp areas so sperm can swim and has no true vascular tissue or leaves
Bryophyta
92
This type of phyla of land plants contains vascular tissue, has swimming sperm, is sporophyte dominant and can either be homosporous or heterosporous
Pterophyta
93
Is this heterosporous production or homosporous production?
sprorangium --> single type of spore --> bisexual gametophyte ----> eggs or sperm
Homosporous
94
Is this heterosporous production or homosporous production?
megasporangium --> megaspore --> female gametophyte --> eggs
Heterosporous
95
True or false?
| Mosses and most ferns are an example of homospores.
True
96
True or false?
| Some ferns and all seed plants are examples of heterospores.
True
97
Another name for a mature ovule is?
a seed
98
True or false?
| Pollen is a mature female gametophye.
False. Pollen is a mature male gametophyte
99
What are the 2 types of conifer gametophytes?
Megagametophyte and microgametophyte
100
White pine, larch, and bald cypress are all examples of which phylum of seed plants?
coniferophyta
101
This phylum of seed plants has reproductive organs in cones, is hetersporous, and sporophyte dominant.
Coniferophyta
102
True or false?
Sporophyte --> megasporocyte --> meiosis --> megaspore
--> megagametophyte --> sperm
False. Sporophyte --> megasporocyte --> meiosis --> megaspore --> megagametophyte --> EGG
103
This contains the reproductive organs of a flower, consisting of an ovary, a stigma, and usually a style. It may occur singularly or in a group.
Carpel
104
______ is 2 sizes of spore from meiosis
heterospory
105
_______ is 1 size of spore from meiosis
homospory
106
The female gametophyte that arises from a megaspore of a heterosporous plant is called a?
megagametophyte
107
True or false?
| A diploid cell in plains that undergoes meiosis to create 4 haploid megaspores is called a megasporocyte.
True
108
True or false?
| The female gametophyte that develops from the microspores of heterosporous plants is called a microgametophyte.
False. A male gametophyte = microgametophyte
109
____ is a mother cell that produces 4 microspores by meiosis
microsporocyte
110
A small opening in the surface of an ovule, through which the pollen tube penetrates, often visible as a small pore in a ripe seed is known as?
A micropyle
111
True or false?
| Monoecy: a single sporangium borne or the under side of a fern frond.
False.
| Monoecy: having separate male flowers and female flowers on the same plant.
112
What type of seed plant phylum contains ferns?
pterophyta
113
A cluster of sporangia borne on the underside of a fern frond is called?
sorus
114
True or False?
| A gametangium is a receptacle in which asexual spores are formed.
False. A sporangium is a receptacle in which asexual spore are formed
115
Is a spore a haploid or diploid reproductive cell?
haploid
116
What reproductive cell gives rise to a gametophyte?
spore
117
What type of phylum of seed plants has flowering plants, is sporophyte dominant and a triploid (3n) endosperm?
Anthophyta
118
True or False:
| Monodicots are examples of oaks, maples, potatoes and roses.
False. These examples are of eudicots.
| monodicots are grasses, orchids, lillies, etc
119
If a plant has both male and female sex organs, what is it called?
A hermaphrodite
120
True or false?
| Wind is a type of pollinator.
truuuuu
121
How does a plant "reward" its pollinator? Give 2 examples
Nectar and pollen
122
True or false?
| A showy flower with extravagant colours and odours are considered to ward off pollinators.
False. The colour, odour and other features "advertises" the plant so pollinators will come and pollinate it.
123
True or false?
| Angiosperms have triple fertilization.
False, they have double fertilization.
124
Ovules become _____ and ovaries become _____
seeds, fruits
125
True or False?
| Endosperm=the principal food stuff of civilization
true
126
Angiosperm microgametophyte contains _____ and a few cells. Angiosperm megagametophyte contains ____ __ and usually 8 nuclei, 7 cells.
pollen, embryo sac
127
What is double fertilization?
one sperm fertilizes the egg (embryo, 2n) and one sperm fertilizes 2 polar nuclei of central cell (endosperm, 3n [triploid])
128
```
What are the 5 derived traits of seed plants out of the
following 10 (in no particular order)?
```
- increased gametophytes
- decreased gametophytes
- homospory
- heterospory
- Root and shoot system
- ovules
- pollen
- increased hermaphrodite plants
- seeds
- cell plate
reduced gametophytes, heterospory, ovules, pollen and seeds.
129
What are the 2 systems in plants?
Roots and shoots
130
True or false?
| plant cell walls are made up cellulose microfibrils that are adjacent and parallel cellulose molecules
true
131
A plant cell wall is composed of a primary wall that is ____ in all cells, and a secondary wall that is _____ in some cells for _____.
thin, thicker, strength
132
- Maintains cell shape
- Provides support
- Resists water pressure
- Regulates rate and direction of cell growth
- Responsible for architectural design of plant
- Provides physical barrier to pathogens
- Carbohydrate storage
All are examples of functions of what part of the plant?
The cell wall
133
How do cells stick together?
middle lamella and pectic substances
134
The cell wall is comprised of which 3 polysaccharides?
cellulose, cross-linking glycans (hemicellulose) and pectin
135
Luring pollinators such as birds, bees, or bats, etc., with a reward is known as:
deceit pollination
136
________ is a flowering plant with an embryo that has 2 cotyledons.
Eudicoyledon
137
An angiosperm having two cotyledons in the seed, leaves within a network of veins radiating from a central main vein, flower parts in multiple of 4 or 5. What is it?
Eudicot
138
A pectin layer which cements the cell walls of 2 adjoining cells together is called the:
middle lamella
139
True or false:
| the pistil is the female organs of a flower, comprising the stigma, style and ovary.
true
140
Flower traits that have evolved in response to natural selection imposed by different pollen vectors, which can be living (i.e. birds) or non living (i.e. wind). This is an example of _______ syndrome.
Pollination
141
This type of nuclei has 2 haploid nuclei in the center of the embryo sac of flowering plants. These nuclei fuse with a male gamete nucleus to form a triploid endosperm nucelus, which subsequently divides from the endosperm. What type of nuclei is this?
polar nuclei
142
True or false?
| each of the parts of the calyx of a flower enclosing the petals and are typically green and leaflike are called sepals.
true
143
The outermost cells in a plant is?
Epidermal
144
roots in a plant are ___ ground, shoots are ____ ground
below, above (if u got this wrong ur screwed)
145
What are the 3 types of tissue?
ground, vascular, dermal
146
what is phototropism?
plant growing towards the source of light
147
What organ in a human is the dermal tissue in a plant compared to?
skin
148
what are the 3 types of cells found in the ground tissue?
collenchyma, parachyma, and sclerenchyma
149
State the function, 2 features and 1 example of parenchyma cells.
1 Function: most metabolic process (photosynthesis, storage)
2 Features: usually lack secondary wall and often divide and differentiate at maturity
1 Example: fruit flesh OR pith OR cortex of stems and roots
150
State the function, 2/4 of the features, and 1 example of collenchyma cells.
1 Function: Support (especially of young and growing organs)
2/4 Features: thick, uneven primary wall OR no secondary wall OR occur often in strands OR alive at maturity: can elongate
1 Example: celery leaf midrib and petiole
151
State the 2 functions, 3 features, and 1 example of sclerenchyma cells.
2 Functions: support and protection
3 Features: thick secondary wall (lignified), cannot elongate at maturity (may be dead), and 2 forms: fibers and scleroids
1 example: Burlap (fiber) OR Hemp/cannabis (fiber) OR Pear (scleroid) OR nutshell (scleroid)
152
Water-conducting cells of the xylem are called what?
Tracheids and vessel elements
153
What is the 2 functions and 2 features of tracheids and vessel elements?
2 functions: support & supply of water and minerals
| 2 features: dead at maturity & secondary wall lignified (often spiral)
154
What is the sugar-conducting cells of the phloem called?
sieve-tube elements
155
Plants do not grow from meristems. True or false?
False --> plants grow from meristems.
156
Give the 3 features of meristems.
1. ultimate source of all parts of the mature sporophyte
2. undifferentiated
3. retain "forever" the ability to divide
157
What are the 2 types of meristems?
1. apical meristem
| 2. lateral meristem
158
Which type of meristem involves the root and shoot, and primary growth?
The apical meristem
159
Which type of meristem involves the vascular cambium and cork cambium, and has to do with secondary growth?
The lateral meristem
160
What is the purpose of the dermal tissue?
to secrete cuticle --> makes it waxy
| the dermal layer is also single
161
What is the purpose of the vascular system and where is it located?
purpose: support & supply
location: xylem & phloem
162
What are the purposes of ground tissue?
Fills space between dermal and vascular tissues;
storage;
photosynthesis;
and support.
163
What 3 tissue systems arise from 3 new meristems made by the apical meristem?
1. Dermal
2. Vascular
3. Ground tissue
164
What tissue does the protoderm produce in an apical meristem?
Dermal tissue
165
What tissue does the procambium produce in an apical meristem?
Vascular tissue
166
What tissue does the ground meristem produce in an apical meristem?
Ground tissue
167
What are the 3 zones on a root apical meristem?
1. zone of maturation
2. zone of elongation
3. zone of cell division
168
Root hairs decrease surface area. True or false?
False, root hairs increase surface area
169
What is a complex organic polymer deposited in the cell walls of many plants, making them rigid and woody?
lignin
170
What is the pericycle? (hint: it is NOT an actual cycle)
A thin layer of plant tissue between the endodermis and the phloem
171
A section of tissue at the tip of a plant root is called what?
A root cap
172
What is the difference between a sieve element and a sieve-tube member?
sieve element: an elongated cell in the phloem of a vascular plant, in which the primary wall is perforated by pores through which water is conducted.
sieve-tube member: A sieve element of a type present in angiosperms, a series of which are joined end to end to form sieve-tubes, which sieve plates between the elements.
173
_____ is an inert, impermeable, waxy substance present in the cell walls of corky tissues.
Suberin
174
Differentiate between the vascular cambium and vascular tissue.
Vascular cambium: plant tissue located between the xylem and phloem in the stem and root of a vascular plant, and is the source of both secondary xylem growth
Vascular tissue: the tissue in higher plants that constitutes the vascular system (consisting of xylem and phloem), by which water and nutrients are conducted throughout the plant
175
The vascular cambium is not a meristem: true or false?
false, the vascular cambium is a meristem
176
What 3 things does the vascular cambium produce?
1. secondary xylem to inside
2. secondary phloem to outside
3. itself -- to increase in circumference
177
True or false: the vascular cambium is known as "tangenital"
true
178
Fusiform initials of the vascular cambium produces _____ and/or _____ in the xylem, and _______ in the phloem.
- tracheids
- vessel elements
- sieve elements
179
What does ray initials in the vascular cambium produce?
rays
180
Wood is primary xylem: true or false?
false, wood is secondary xylem
181
The cork cambium is a _____ meristem that arises from cylinder of ____ cells outside the ______ cambium.
- lateral
- cortex
- vascular
182
What 2 things does the cork cambium produce?
1. phelloderm (thin layer of parenchyma cells) to inside
| 2. cork to outside (dead cells)
183
Put the following statements in chronological order regarding primary and secondary growth together:
1. As the vascular cambium's diameter increases, the secondary phloem and other tissues external to the cambium cannot keep pace because their cells no longer divide.
2. Primary growth from the activity of the apical meristem is nearing completion and the vascular cambium has just formed.
3. Each cork cambium and the tissues it produces form a layer of periderm.
4. The vascular cambium produces more secondary xylem and phloem and the cork cambium produces more cork.
5. Some initials of the vascular cambium gives rise to vascular rays.
In chronological order:
| 2, 5, 1, 4, 3
184
What are the 4 characteristics of cellulose of the following options?
1. Polysaccharide, low absorbancy, minor role in cell walls, maintains cytoplasm
2. Disaccharide, high absorbancy, most abundant organic compound on earth, main component of cell walls
3. polysaccharide, hydrophilic, main component of cell walls, most abundant organic compound on earth
3. polysaccharide, hydrophilic, main component of cell walls, most abundant organic compound on earth
185
What 2 components make up water potential?
| ____ + ____ = water potential (Psi)
pressure potential + solute potential = water potential
186
What is plasmolysis?
The loss of water from a cell by osmosis
187
If you have an initial flaccid cell with a solute potential of -0.7, what is the overall water potential in megapascals (Mpa)?
water potential = -0.7 because
pressure potential = 0
solute potential = -0.7
_______
water potential = -0.7
188
The cell will stop shrinking when the water potentials of the cell and its surroundings are the same. True or false?
True
189
Water moves spontaneously from lower to higher water potential. True or false?
False, water moves spontaneously from higher to lower water potential.
190
water + minerals = _____
Sap
191
What is the correct order of sap (water and minerals) travelling from the ground to the atmosphere out of the following? Place them in order starting from the ground and up.
```
Shoot
Leaf
Soil
Root
Atmosphere
```
Soil > Root > Shoot > Leaf > Atmosphere
192
Which direction does water and minerals travel in the xylem?
Upward
193
When water enters the root, ______ transport of ____ occurs.
1. lateral
| 2. sap
194
What is an apoplast and what are the 3 things it includes?
Apoplast
definition: nonliving continuum outside cytosol
includes: cell walls, xylem cells, and extracellular spaces
195
What is a symplast?
A continuum of cytosol connected by plasmodesmata
196
What is the stele?
All material inside the endodermis (including: xylem, phloem, pith and pericycle)
197
The endodermis is considered cylinder and how many cell(s) thick?
1 cell thick
198
What are 3 features of the Casparian strip?
1. where primary wall and middle lamella were
2. waterproof and impermeable to ions : suberin
3. all water and ions entering xylem must pass through edodermal cells: must cross cell membrane
199
What is mycorrhizae?
A mutualism between plants and fungi that increases surface area and aids the absorption of minerals.
200
What is the correct pathway of water and minerals in an herbaceous plant out of the following terms?
```
Xylem
Atmosphere
Soil
Root hair or Mycorrhizae
Cortex
Endodermis
```
Soil > root hair or mycorrhizae > cortex > endodermis > xylem > atmosphere
201
How does water and minerals move up a plant? Give 3 possibilities for how this happens.
1. Capillary action
2. Pumps (from above and/or below)
3. Transpiration-Cohesion-Tension mechanism
202
What is the generation of transpirational pull?
Negative pressure (tension) at the air-water interface in the leaf is the basis of transpirational pull, which draws water out of xylem
203
What is the correct process in chronological order of the following regarding generation of transpirational pull?
1. Water from the xylem is pulled into the surrounding cells and air spaces to replace the lost water.
2. The evaporation of the water film causes the air-water interface to retreat farther into the cell wall and to become more curved.
3. Water vapor diffuses from the moist air spaces of the leaf to the drier air outside via stomata.
4. Water is pulled from surrounding cells and air spaces.
5. The water vapor lost by transpiration is replaced by evaporation from the water film that coats mesophyll cells.
3, 5, 2, 4, 1
204
Transpiration-Cohesion-Tension mechanism is an active process. True or false?
False, the Transpiration-Cohesion-Tension mechanism is a passive process.
205
The total path in the xylem from ______ (least negative) to ______ (most negative) water potential.
1. highest
| 2. lowest
206
The xylem uses the Transpiration-Cohesion-Tension mechanism. True or false?
True
207
The control of transpiration by stomates is cued to open at dawn by one of what 3 factors?
Light, Circadian Rhythm and CO2 depletion
208
When the cell is flaccid, the stomata is _____, and when the cell is turgid, the stomata is ______.
1. closed
| 2. open
209
What mechanism does the phloem use to move water?
Pressure flow
210
What are fusiform initials?
An elongated tapering cell in the cambium that through repeated division gives rise to vertically arranged cells.
211
What is the periderm?
The corky outer layer of a plant stem formed in secondary thickening or as a response to injury or infection.
212
Describe the plasmodesmata.
A narrow thread of cytoplasm that passes through the cell walls of adjacent plant cells and allows communication between them
213
Symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved is described as _______.
Mutualism
214
The 2 main tissues for transport within plants are what?
1. xylem
| 2. phloem
215
Which of the 2 statements regarding sources and sinks are either true or false?
1. True or false: sugar is actively transported into the sieve-tube members of he phloem. Water follows by osmosis.
2. Higher water pressure at the top source forces the phloem sap to move towards the sink.
Both statements 1 & 2 are true.
216
What is the full reaction to make 1 glucose molecule from photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 12H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
217
In light reactions during photosynthesis:
Light hits a __1__ molecule, and electrons bounce to a __2__ energy level and off the __3__ molecule. Chlorine steals electrons from __4__ (a process called __5__).
1. chlorophyll
2. higher
3. chlorine
4. water
5. photolysis
218
What is the chemical equation to yield NADPH?
NADP+ + 2e- + H+
219
What is the general chemical equation for a light reaction to occur?
H2O + Light + NADP + ADP + Pi --> O2 + NADPH + ATP
220
ADP + Pi --> ATP is an example of which process?
photophosphorylaton
221
Where does the light reactions occur? Where does the dark reactions (calvin cycle) occur?
Light: thylakoids
Dark: stroma
222
How are electrons moved from NADP+ and NAD+? (Hint: LEO says GER).
Oxidizing agents (remove e-'s from other molecules, including H2O
223
How are electrons moved from NADPH and NADH? (Hint: LEO says GER).
Reducing agents (places e-'s on other molecules)
224
What is the main goal of dark reactions?
To make sugar
225
What 2 things does the light reaction supply to the dark reaction?
NADP+ and ADP
226
What are the 3 main phases in the dark reactions cycle? Give an example of an important enzyme from each phase.
1. Carbon Fixation --> Rubisco and/or 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
2. Reduction --> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
3. Regeneration of CO2 Acceptor --> RuBP
227
What is the general chemical equation of the dark reactions?
CO2 + NADPH + ATP --> CH2O + NADP+ + ADP + Pi
228
Photorespiration is a ___1___ pathway that ___2___ O2, ___3___ CO2, does not have ATP, and ___4___ photosynthetic output. A solution for this, is a new enzyme called __5__.
1. metabolic
2. consumes
3. releases
4. decreases
5. PEPC
229
What is the correct order of the following statements regarding C4 Photosynthesis?
1. A 4C compund conveys the atoms of the CO2 into a bundle-sheath cell via plasmodesmatap
2. In mesophyll cells, the enzyme PEPC adds CO2 to PEP
3. In bundle-sheath cells, CO2 is released and enters the Calvin cycle via the action of rubisco.
2, 1, 3
230
There are 2 types of control systems in plants: _____ defenses and ______ defenses.
Chemical and physical
231
What is an example of a physical defense in a plant? What is an example of a chemical defense in a plant?
Chemical: distasteful or toxic compounds
Physical: Thorns or trichomes
232
Some plants can "recruit" predatory animals to help defend against specific herbivores, i.e. caterpillars and insects. What is the correct process using the following terms and phrases?
1. Signal transduction pathway
2. Recruitment of parasitoide wasps that lay their eggs within caterpillars
3. Wounding (chemical in saliva)
4. Synthesis and release of volatile attractants
3, 1, 4, 2
233
Where can auxins be found?
In young leaves and shoot apical meristems
234
What are the 3 major functions of auxins?
1. stem elongation including phototropism (low concentration only)
2. Lateral roots
3. Enhances apical dominance
235
What is phototropism?
Cell elongation on the darker side of a plant
236
The "acid growth hypothesis" states that __1___ increase the activity of __2__ pumps, which then creates acidity. Then, ___3__ (enzyme) is activated by a __4__ pH which separates __5__ from cross-linking polysaccharides. The polysaccharides are now more accessible to enzymes that loosen the cell __6__.
1. auxins
2. proton (H+)
3. expansins
4. low
5. microfibrils
6. wall
237
What is C3 photosynthesis?
Uses the enzyme Rubisco in relatively inefferent conditions, to fix CO2 from the air and obtain the 3 carbon organic molecule
238
What are 4/6 of the characteristics of ALL fungi?
1. heterotrophs
2. eukaryotic
3. main body is haploid
4. multicellular (except yeast)
5. cell wall is made of chitin (polysaccharide)
6. External digestion of food
if u got them all right booboo, u get a gold star!! but if u got 4 then you're doing good, keep it up!! :)
239
What are the two types of hyphae in fungi?
1. Septate fungi
| 2. Coenocytic fungi (coeno = common, cyte = cell)
240
Spores are diploid, true or false?
false, spores are haploid.
241
What are the 3 types of asexual reproduction in fungi?
1. spores in sporangia
2. conidia (spores) in conidophores
3. budding
242
```
This fungi phylum has:
-1000 species
-single cells or colonies with hyphae
-flagellated "zoospore"
-Aquatic, soil
-decomposers, parasites, commensals (digestive tract of sheep and cattle)
What fungi phylum is decribed?
```
Phylum Chytridiomycota
243
```
This fungi phylum has:
-1000 species
-coenocytic hyphae
-decomposers, parasites, commensals (digestive tract of sheep and cattle)
What fungi phylum is described?
```
Phylum Zygomycota
244
This fungi phylum has:
-Arbuscular mycorrhizae in 90% of plant species
-160 species total
What fungi phylum is described?
Phylum Glomeromycota
245
```
This fungi phylum has:
-"sac" fungi
-65 000 species
-unicellular (yeast)
-multicellular (cup fungi)
What fungi phylum is described?
```
Phylum Ascomycota
246
```
This fungi phylum has:
-30 000 species
-fruiting body
-decomposers and ectomy corrhizae
-long-lived dikaryotic mycelium
What fungi phylum is described?
```
Phylum Basidiomycota
247
Explain ergot
A fungal disease of rye and other cereals in which black, elongated, fruiting bodies grows in the ears of the cereal.
248
What is ascus/asci?
A sac, typically cylindrical in shape, in which spores of ascomycota fungi develops
249
What is haustorium?
A slender prjection from the root of a parasitic plant, such as a dodder, or from the hyphae of a parasitic fungus, enabling the parasite to penetrate the tissues of its host and absorb nutrients from it
250
What are hyphae?
Each of the branching filaments that make up the mycellium of a fungus
251
What is the process called when the fusion of cell nuclei occurs in fertilization of fungus?
Karyogamy
252
What is the mycellium?
The vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of fine white filaments (hyphae)
253
What is the process called in asexual production of fungi, in which the cytoplasm of 2 parent cells fuse together without the fusion of nuclei (effectively bringing together 2 haploid nuclei close together in the same cell)?
Plasmogamy
254
What is a saprophyte?
A fungus that lives on dead and/or decaying matter
255
What are septum/septa?
A partition dividing filamentous hyphae into discrete cells in fungi
256
An asexual spore of certain fungi that is capable of swimming by means of a flagellum, is called what?
A zoospore
