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F4 T2 Bio > Defence against Pathogens > Flashcards

Defence against Pathogens Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of non-specific defense?

A

Protects body against all types of invasive substances

Non-specific defense mechanisms include physical and chemical barriers that react to any foreign invader.

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2
Q

How do tears contribute to non-specific defense?

A

Washing away pathogens from the eye surface and containing lysozyme

Lysozyme is an enzyme that chemically attacks and destroys bacteria.

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3
Q

What role do nasal hairs play in the respiratory system?

A

Filter and trap large particles, preventing them from entering the lower respiratory tract

This is an example of a physical barrier.

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4
Q

What is the function of mucus produced by goblet cells in the nasal lining?

A

Traps smaller pathogens and particles that bypass nasal hairs

Mucus acts as a sticky substance that aids in trapping foreign invaders.

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5
Q

What are the antimicrobial enzymes found in mucus?

A

Lysozyme

Lysozyme attacks and destroys pathogens in the mucus.

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6
Q

What is the role of cilia in the nasal passages?

A

Move mucus with trapped particles towards the throat

Cilia are tiny hair-like structures that help clear the airways.

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7
Q

What is the function of earwax in non-specific defense?

A

Traps foreign particles and prevents them from damaging the eardrum

Earwax functions as a physical barrier in the ear.

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8
Q

How does skin act as a barrier against pathogens?

A

Intact skin prevents pathogens from entering the body

The skin also contains sebaceous glands that secrete chemicals to inhibit pathogen growth.

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9
Q

What creates an acidic environment on the skin surface?

A

Lactic acid from sebaceous glands

This environment inhibits the growth of pathogens.

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10
Q

What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

A

Creates an acidic environment that kills or inhibits ingested pathogens

Hydrochloric acid denatures proteins and disrupts cell membranes.

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11
Q

What is the function of the ureter in the urinary tract?

A

Carries pathogens away to prevent accumulation by urine

This helps maintain a pathway to eliminate harmful invaders.

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12
Q

How do beneficial bacteria contribute to non-specific defense?

A

Maintain acidic pH and inhibit harmful pathogens by producing lactic acid

This is an example of a biological barrier in the body.

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13
Q

True or False: Coughing helps expel mucus and trapped particles from the respiratory system.

A

True

Coughing is an important reflex that clears the airways.

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14
Q

What is the function of non-specific defense?

A

Protects body against all types of invasive substances

Non-specific defense mechanisms include physical and chemical barriers that react to any foreign invader.

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15
Q

How do tears contribute to non-specific defense?

A

Washing away pathogens from the eye surface and containing lysozyme

Lysozyme is an enzyme that chemically attacks and destroys bacteria.

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16
Q

What role do nasal hairs play in the respiratory system?

A

Filter and trap large particles, preventing them from entering the lower respiratory tract

This is an example of a physical barrier.

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17
Q

What is the function of mucus produced by goblet cells in the nasal lining?

A

Traps smaller pathogens and particles that bypass nasal hairs

Mucus acts as a sticky substance that aids in trapping foreign invaders.

How well did you know this?
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5
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18
Q

What are the antimicrobial enzymes found in mucus?

A

Lysozyme

Lysozyme attacks and destroys pathogens in the mucus.

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19
Q

What is the role of cilia in the nasal passages?

A

Move mucus with trapped particles towards the throat

Cilia are tiny hair-like structures that help clear the airways.

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20
Q

What is the function of earwax in non-specific defense?

A

Traps foreign particles and prevents them from damaging the eardrum

Earwax functions as a physical barrier in the ear.

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21
Q

How does skin act as a barrier against pathogens?

A

Intact skin prevents pathogens from entering the body

The skin also contains sebaceous glands that secrete chemicals to inhibit pathogen growth.

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22
Q

What creates an acidic environment on the skin surface?

A

Lactic acid from sebaceous glands

This environment inhibits the growth of pathogens.

How well did you know this?
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23
Q

What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

A

Creates an acidic environment that kills or inhibits ingested pathogens

Hydrochloric acid denatures proteins and disrupts cell membranes.

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24
Q

What is the function of the ureter in the urinary tract?

A

Carries pathogens away to prevent accumulation by urine

This helps maintain a pathway to eliminate harmful invaders.

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25
How do beneficial bacteria contribute to non-specific defense?
Maintain acidic pH and inhibit harmful pathogens by producing lactic acid ## Footnote This is an example of a biological barrier in the body.
26
Fill in the blank: Mucus secreted by goblet cells traps large particles, preventing them from reaching the _______.
lungs ## Footnote This mechanism helps protect the lungs from harmful substances.
27
True or False: Coughing helps expel mucus and trapped particles from the respiratory system.
True ## Footnote Coughing is an important reflex that clears the airways.
28
What is X transmitted from person to person?
X can refer to diseases like cancer. ## Footnote Example: development of cancer.
29
What are environmental factors that contribute to cancer?
Carcinogens are environmental factors that contribute to cancer.
30
What lifestyle choices can contribute to cancer?
Smoking and alcohol are lifestyle choices that can contribute to cancer.
31
What are infectious diseases caused by?
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens.
32
How are infectious diseases transmitted?
Infectious diseases are transmitted from person to person. ## Footnote Example: COVID-19, AIDS.
33
What are the components of a virus structure?
A virus structure includes surface protein, protein coat, envelope, and nucleic acid.
34
Can viruses carry out metabolism?
No, viruses cannot carry out metabolism.
35
How do viruses reproduce?
Viruses reproduce by multiplying inside host cells.
36
What happens to host cells when viruses multiply inside them?
Host cells burst when viruses multiply inside them.
37
How do viruses infect host cells?
Viruses get into host cells by injecting genetic materials (RNA/DNA) into the host cell.
38
What do viruses do after entering host cells?
They take over the cell's metabolism to produce new virus particles.
39
What happens to newly produced viruses?
Newly produced viruses are released to infect more cells.
40
What are the components involved in viral replication?
Viral DNA, capsid proteins, mRNA, and translation are involved in viral replication.
41
What is a capsid?
A capsid is a protein shell that encloses the viral genetic material.
42
What is self-assembly in the context of viruses?
Self-assembly refers to the process by which new virus particles are formed.
43
How do bacteria cause diseases?
Bacteria produce enzymes/toxins that can damage cells and interfere with normal cell functioning.
44
Can bacteria be killed?
Yes, bacteria can be killed by antibodies, but some can become multidrug-resistant.
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How do viruses infect host cells?
Viruses get into host cells by injecting genetic materials (RNA/DNA) into the host cell.
47
What do viruses do after entering host cells?
They take over the cell's metabolism to produce new virus particles.
48
What happens to newly produced viruses?
Newly produced viruses are released to infect more cells.
49
What are the components involved in viral replication?
Viral DNA, capsid proteins, mRNA, and translation are involved in viral replication.
50
What is a capsid?
A capsid is a protein shell that encloses the viral genetic material.
51
What is self-assembly in the context of viruses?
Self-assembly refers to the process by which new virus particles are formed.
52
How do bacteria cause diseases?
Bacteria produce enzymes/toxins that can damage cells and interfere with normal cell functioning.
53
Can bacteria be killed?
Yes, bacteria can be killed by antibodies, but some can become multidrug-resistant.
54
What is a method of transmission involving physical contact?
Physical contact (e.g. Chicken pox) ## Footnote Example: Chicken pox can spread through direct skin-to-skin contact.
55
What is a method of transmission involving droplets suspended in air?
Droplets suspended in air (e.g. influenza) ## Footnote Example: Influenza spreads when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
56
What is a method of transmission involving contaminated food and water?
Contaminated food & water through ingestion (e.g. Cholera) ## Footnote Example: Cholera can be contracted by consuming contaminated water.
57
What is a method of transmission involving vectors?
Vectors, from one host to another (e.g. malaria) ## Footnote Example: Malaria is transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes.
58
What is a method of transmission involving body fluids?
Contact of body fluids (e.g. AIDS) ## Footnote Example: AIDS can be transmitted through blood or sexual contact.
59
What happens in case the physical barrier breaks?
Formation of the blood clot, Phagocyte action, Histamine, Lymphocyte action & antibodies
60
What triggers clot formation and wound healing?
Damaged tissue/blood capillaries activate blood platelets.
61
What do activated blood platelets release?
They release enzymes (clotting factors) into the blood.
62
What is Fibrinogen?
Fibrinogen is a soluble protein involved in clot formation.
63
What is Fibrin?
Fibrin is an insoluble protein that forms a mesh of fibers.
64
How does Fibrin contribute to clot formation?
Fibrin forms a mesh of fibers that traps red blood cells, creating a clot.
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What forms a mesh of fibres that traps red blood cells?
Fibrin ## Footnote Fibrin is essential for wound healing as it dries out to form a scab, which helps close the wound.
69
What does histamine released from certain white blood cells allow?
Plasma to leak out of the capillaries ## Footnote This process helps dilute toxins that may have entered the wound.
70
What occurs to pathogens when digestive enzymes are poured into the phagocyte's sac?
The pathogen is destroyed ## Footnote Phagocytes use these digestive enzymes to eliminate harmful microorganisms.
71
What may happen to phagocytes as they accumulate toxins from pathogens?
They may die ## Footnote The dead phagocytes contribute to the pus found under a scab or in a spot.
72
What is contained in pus underneath a scab?
Dead phagocytes ## Footnote Pus is a collection of dead immune cells that have fought against infection.
73
How are white blood cells attracted to wounds or sites of infection?
By chemical messages ## Footnote This chemical signaling is crucial for initiating the immune response.
74
What characteristic of the nucleus allows white blood cells to squeeze out between cells lining the capillaries?
Long, lobed nucleus ## Footnote This unique structure facilitates the movement of white blood cells to sites of infection.
75
What do phagocytes contain that aids in destroying pathogens?
Sacs full of powerful digestive enzymes ## Footnote These enzymes are critical for breaking down and eliminating pathogens.
76
Fill in the blank: Phagocytes recognize pathogens and flow around them, enclosing them in a _______.
sac ## Footnote This process is part of the immune response to engulf and destroy invaders.
77
What are two ways pathogens can escape phagocytes?
Hiding inside host's cells, staying in phagocyte-free regions ## Footnote Examples include Plasmodium hiding in liver cells and certain bacteria remaining in the gut.
78
What are non-specific defence mechanisms?
Protects the body against all types of invading substances.
79
What happens when physical and chemical barriers fail?
Other non-specific defence mechanisms fail to kill the pathogens.
80
What does the immune system produce when non-specific mechanisms fail?
Immune response.
81
What are specific defence mechanisms?
Protect the body against a specific invading pathogen/substance.
82
What are the two main components of specific defence mechanisms?
Antibody recognition and antibody production.
83
What is the role of phagocytes?
Antigen recognition.
84
What is the role of lymphocytes?
Antibody production.
85
Where are lymphocytes produced?
In bone marrow and circulate in the blood and lymph.
86
Where are lymphocytes stored?
In lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs.
87
What are antigens?
Substances found on the surface of all cells that trigger immune response.
88
What do antigens serve as?
Markers for cell recognition.
89
Fill in the blank: Antigens are unique to the _______ possessing them.
[cell]
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= VIN @ & 42% @
100
antigens
101
(B)-lymphocytes
102
Lymphocytes have specific receptors and bind only to a particular antigen
103
Our immune system contains a large number of different lymphocytes
104
After B lymphocytes are activated (bind to site)
they release specific antibodies
105
(special fork shaped proteins with antigen-binding sites) to fight off antigens
106
p. 118
107
Only the antigen binding
108
site binds to antigen
109
мее
110
The antigen binding sites of the antibody recognizes and binds the antigen to label
111
1t.
112
What if a mutation occurs and the shape of the antigen changes?
113
The mutated antigen retains some characteristics so the lymphocytes will still be
114
able to recognize it
unless it is severely altered. The body will have to produce a
115
new type of antibody which will take a long time.
116
Antibody production

F4 T2 Bio (1 decks)

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