Defence Cells

Question 1

what is periodontitis?

Answer 1

destruction of soft and hard tissues which support the teeth

Question 2

what microbial dysbiosis?

Answer 2

the build up of dental plaque

Question 3

what type of inflammatory disease is periodontitis?

Answer 3

chronic inflammation

Question 4

what increases as oral cavity moves from health to aggressive periodontits?

Answer 4

immune and inflammatory cells in the periodontium

Question 5

name the innate cell subsets

Answer 5

monocytes/macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils, natural killer cells, dendritic cells

Question 6

what is the relationship between monocytes and macrophages?

Answer 6

in the blood they circulate as MONOCYTES but once they migrate into tissues they differentiate into MACROPHAGES

Question 7

what are monocytes/macrophages

Answer 7

early responders to infection or tissue damage

Question 8

what do monocytes/macrophages do?

Answer 8

phagocytose and present antigen

Question 9

what are mast cells?

Answer 9

granulocytes, early responders to infection or tissue damage

Question 10

what do mast cells do?

Answer 10

migrate from blood and differentiate in tissues

Question 11

what is the immune response role of mast cells?

Answer 11

protect against pathogens and are best known for role in allergy

Question 12

what are neutrophils?

Answer 12

phagocytic granulocytes and the MOST IMPORTANT cells in innate immune responses

Question 13

what do neutrophils do?

Answer 13

circulate in blood and move into tissue when required

Question 14

what are basophils and eosinophils?

Answer 14

granulocytes

Question 15

what do basophils and eosinophils do?

Answer 15

play a major role in defence against parasites as larger than neutrophils so can ingest larger threats, they also contribute to allergy

Question 16

what are granules?

Answer 16

degradative enzymes and antimicrobials

Question 17

collectively, what are neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils and basophils known as?

Answer 17

myeloid cells

Question 18

what are defence cells derived from?

Answer 18

common precursoe in bone marrow?

Question 19

what do all the defence cells do?

Answer 19

differentiate into myeloid and lymphoid cells

Question 20

what are dendritic cells derived from?

Answer 20

myeloid and lymphoid lineage

Question 21

give an example of a dendritic cell

Answer 21

langerhans cell

Question 22

what is the main role of dendritic cells?

Answer 22

antigen presentation

Question 23

what do dendritic cells do?

Answer 23

move from tissues to lymph nodes passing on information and activate T cells and B cells

Question 24

what do immature dendritic cells do?

Answer 24

take up and process antigen in the epidermis and then migrate to lymph nodes while differentiating along the way

Question 25

what do mature dendritic cells do?

Answer 25

prime naive T cells and can transfer antigen to other dendritic cells resident in the lymph node

Question 26

what are natural killer cells?

Answer 26

large cells with granules

Question 27

what do natural killer cells do?

Answer 27

recognise and kill abnormal cells/tumours/viral infected cells

Question 28

what are natural killer cells important for?

Answer 28

holding back virus infections until adaptive immunity kicks in

Question 29

what are innate lymphoid cells?

Answer 29

non-cytotoxic members of the natural killer cell famile

Question 30

what is the origin of innate lymphoid cells?

Answer 30

lymphoid

Question 31

what do innate lymphoid cells do?

Answer 31

link innate and adaptive immune immunity and produce effectors (cytokines) similar to T cell subsets

Question 32

where are T cells derived from and where do they mature?

Answer 32

they are derived from the bone marrow and mature in the thymus

Question 33

where are T cells?

Answer 33

they circulate in the blood and the lymph and are found in large numbers in lymphoid organs

Question 34

what do T cells give rise to?

Answer 34

cellular immunity

Question 35

what do T cells do?

Answer 35

protect against intracellular microbes and help B cell responses

Question 36

what is T cell repertoire?

Answer 36

T cell receptors can respond to numerous antigens

Question 37

why are there T cell checkpoints?

Answer 37

to ensure T cells only respond to foreign pathogens and not self peptides

Question 38

what do T helper cells (CD4+) do?

Answer 38

help support other immune cells to fight threats

Question 39

what do cytotoxic (CD8+) cells do?

Answer 39

destroy our own cells which have become infected

Question 40

what do regulatory T cells (Tregs) do?

Answer 40

regulate or suppress other cells in the immune system

Question 41

what are the 3 different types of T cells?

Answer 41

T helper cells (CD4+), cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) and regulatory T cells (Tregs)

Question 42

how do CD8+ (cytotoxic) cells breakdown self infected cells?

Answer 42

it produces granzymes and perforins. the perforins form pores in the plasma membrane and the granzymes enter the cell and break down the proteins which lyses the cell

Question 43

how many signals are required to activate T cells?

Answer 43

3

Question 44

what are the CD4+ T cells (subsets) ?

Answer 44

TH1, TH2, TH17, TFH and Treg cells

Question 45

what do TH1 cells do?

Answer 45

support macrophages to destroy intracellular microbes

Question 46

what do TH2 cells do?

Answer 46

produce cytokines which recruit and activate mast cells, eosinophils and promote barrier immunity at mucosal surfaces

Question 47

what do TH17 cells do?

Answer 47

secrete IL-17 family cytokines that induce local non-professional immune cells to release cytokines and chemokines

Question 48

what do TFH cells do?

Answer 48

induce specific B cell responses (promote opsonising antibody response)

Question 49

what happens when a naive T cell encounters a presented antigen?

Answer 49

it undergoes expansion and differentiation into effector cells of which some become memory T cells

Question 50

what do B cells do?

Answer 50

communicate with T cells and produce antibodies

Question 51

what does clonal expansion lead to?

Answer 51

generation of two subsets

Question 52

what do plasma cells do?

Answer 52

produce antibodies

Question 53

why are memory B cells important?

Answer 53

they mount a quicker antibody response to any subsequent infections

Question 54

what induces B cell proliferation?

Answer 54

interaction between T cell and B cell cytokine signals released from T helper cell

Question 55

what does B cell proliferation do?

Answer 55

generates s pool of plasma cells which produce antibody and generates memory B cells

Question 56

what does plasma cells produce?

Answer 56

initially IgM but later switches to IgG

Question 57

name the phagocytic immune cells

Answer 57

neutrophils, macrophages, tissue dendritic cells and mast cells

Question 58

name the antigen presenting cells

Answer 58

macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells

Question 59

what cells fight parasite infection?

Answer 59

eosinophils and basophils

Question 60

what cells are involved in allergic responses?

Answer 60

basophils and mast cells

Question 61

what cells are innate and adaptive inbetweeners?

Answer 61

dendritic cells, natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cells

Question 62

what are the cells of the adaptive immune response?

Answer 62

T and B lymphocytes

Question 63

what do B cells produce?

Answer 63

antibodies

Question 64

what is the overall function of T cells?

Answer 64

to direct and control the magnitude of immune reactions