deffinations

Question 1

Dialectical approach

Answer 1

Change happens through conflict and contradictions.

Question 2

Bourgeoisie

Answer 2

Owners of wealth and businesses.

Question 3

Proletariat

Answer 3

Working class who sell labor.

Question 4

Petite bourgeoisie

Answer 4

Small business owners between rich and poor.

Question 5

Lumpenproletariat

Answer 5

The unemployed and outcasts of society.

Question 6

Means of production

Answer 6

Factories, land, and tools used to make goods.

Question 7

Surplus value

Answer 7

The profit capitalists make by underpaying workers.

Question 8

Reserve army of labour

Answer 8

Unemployed workers used to keep wages low.

Question 9

Class consciousness

Answer 9

When workers realize their exploitation.

Question 10

False consciousness

Answer 10

When workers believe capitalist ideas that go against their interests.

Question 11

Alienation (4 types) – Feeling disconnected from:

Answer 11

Product (not owning what you make),

Process (no control over work),

Others (competition over community),

Self (work feels meaningless)

Question 12

Intelligentsia

Answer 12

Educated thinkers who can support or oppose capitalism.

Question 13

Emancipation

Answer 13

Freedom from oppression.

Question 14

Economic determinism

Answer 14

Economy shapes everything in society.

Question 15

Immiseration of the proletariat

Answer 15

Capitalism makes workers poorer over time.

Question 16

Autarky

Answer 16

Economic self-sufficiency (no reliance on others).

Question 17

Fascismo

Answer 17

The Italian word for fascism (unity, authoritarianism).

Question 18

Nationalism

Answer 18

Extreme loyalty to one’s nation.

Question 19

Totalitarian state

Answer 19

A government with total control over life.

Question 20

Negative eugenics

Answer 20

Stopping “undesirable” people from having children.

Question 21

Positive eugenics

Answer 21

Encouraging “desirable” people to have children.

Question 22

Nation

Answer 22

A group of people with a shared culture and identity.

Question 23

State

Answer 23

The political system that governs a nation.

Question 24

Fuehrerprinzip

Answer 24

The belief in a single, all-powerful leader (e.g., Hitler).

Question 25

Xenophobia

Answer 25

Fear or hatred of foreigners.

Question 26

Ethnocentrism

Answer 26

Believing your race/nation is superior.

Question 27

Public works programs

Answer 27

Government projects (e.g., roads, buildings) to create jobs.

Question 28

Charismatic leader

Answer 28

A leader who gains power through personality.

Question 29

Hitler Youth

Answer 29

A Nazi group that trained young people in fascist beliefs.

Question 30

Tradition

Answer 30

Keeping old customs and values.

Question 31

Social fabric

Answer 31

Society is interconnected, not just individuals.

Question 32

Reform vs. revolution

Answer 32

Slow change is better than radical change.

Question 33

Blue Tory

Answer 33

Supports free markets and small government.

Question 34

Red Tory

Answer 34

Supports tradition but also social programs.

Question 35

Intergenerational consent

Answer 35

Respecting past generations when making decisions.

Question 36

Politics of delay

Answer 36

Slowing down reforms to avoid sudden change.

Question 37

Contractarianism vs. conventionalism –

Answer 37

Contractarianism – Society is based on agreements. Conventionalism – Society evolves naturally over time

Question 38

‘Political philosophy of imperfection’

Answer 38

People aren’t perfect, so we need guidance and rules.

Question 39

Role of the senate

Answer 39

To slow down changes and ensure stability.

Question 40

Atomistic vs. organic society –

Answer 40

Atomistic – Society is made of individuals. Organic – Society is a whole shaped by traditions.

Question 41

Real vs. metaphysical rights

Answer 41

Real rights – Practical (e.g., property rights). Metaphysical rights – Abstract (e.g., human rights).

Question 42

Natural aristocracy

Answer 42

The idea that educated elites should lead.

Question 43

Burke on prejudice

Answer 43

Prejudice helps society by keeping traditions.

Question 44

Androgynous

Answer 44

No fixed gender roles.

Question 45

Sex vs. gender

Answer 45

Sex = Biological (male/female). Gender = Social roles (man/woman).

Question 46

Cisgender

Answer 46

Gender matches birth sex.

Question 47

Doing gender

Answer 47

Acting in ways society expects for your gender.

Question 48

Intersectionality

Answer 48

Gender, race, and class all affect oppression.

Question 49

Suffrage movement

Answer 49

Fight for women’s right to vote.

Question 50

Glass ceiling

Answer 50

Invisible barriers stopping women from top jobs.

Question 51

Dual systems theory

Answer 51

Capitalism and patriarchy work together to oppress women.

Question 52

Women as reserve army of labour

Answer 52

Women are used as temporary workers when needed.

Question 53

Feminization of poverty

Answer 53

Women are more likely to be poor.

Question 54

Patriarchy

Answer 54

A system where men dominate.

Question 55

Women as ‘other’ to men

Answer 55

Women are seen only in relation to men.

Question 56

White supremacy capitalist patriarchy

Answer 56

The system where racism, capitalism, and patriarchy work together.

Question 57

“The master’s tools will never dismantle the master’s house”

Answer 57

Oppression can’t be ended using the same system that created it.